Louise Spiteri. School of Information Management. Dalhousie University

1. The Public Library Catalogue as a Social Space: A Case Study of Social Discovery Systems in Two Canadian Public Libraries Louise Spiteri. School of Information Management. Dalhousie University Laurel Tarulli. Halifax Public Libraries

2. Introduction • Important and fundamental medium between users and their information needs • Competing against powerful alternatives for information discovery that allow user-contributed metadata (e.g., tagging, ratings, and reviews) and user interaction with each other. • These alternatives raise user expectations of library catalogues, where user-centred design and usability are seen as more important than information organization. Today’s library catalogues

3. Social discovery systems Vendors are providing social discovery systems for use by public and academic libraries, with enhanced features such as: • Predictive searching (or, “Did you mean …?) • User-contributed content such as tags, reviews, and ratings • Faceted navigation of results • RSS feeds of stored searches, results, new postings, and so forth • Sophisticated ranking algorithms based on variables such as item count, popularity, field weighting, and so forth

4. Research problem There have been no comprehensive studies to evaluate the use of social discovery systems in public libraries in Canada. The actual value of social features of these social discovery systems, such as tags, reviews, and ratings to the end user has not been examined: • Why would users post tags, ratings, and reviews in a public library catalogue? • These systems are costly to implement and to maintain: If we provide users with the ability to contribute content to catalogue records, will they actually do so?

5. Participants Two principal social discovery systems used in Canada: AquaBrowser & BiblioCommons Halifax & Edmonton public libraries • Due to the nature of the funding project and time restrictions, this part of the study was deliberately limited in scope, especially since permission is needed to access server logs.

6. Research questions How do public library users interact with social discovery systems? How does usage between the two social discovery systems compare? Does the use of social discovery systems change over time?

7. Methodology Transaction logs of the social discovery systems used by Halifax and Edmonton were compiled from June-August, 2010. Data gathered included: Type of search used Sort features User-generated content Tags Reviews Ratings Lists Comments

8. Tracking user-contributed metadata A set of 50 monograph records was examined (weekly) in both systems to track changes to tags, reviews, and ratings assigned by the clients. • 10 Adult fiction • 10 Adult non-fiction • 10 Children's fiction • 10 Children's non-fiction • 10 Graphic novels

9. Limitations of transaction log analysis • The nature of the data gathered differs by vendor, so one cannot compare results easily between the two systems. • Log analysis shows only which features and used and how frequently. In the case of user-generated metadata, we cannot determine specifically how or why these metadata are used. • Log analysis does not tell us why clients use these features and, perhaps more importantly, why they do not. The dearth of “active” use of social features suggests that further studies are necessary to determine motivations for use.

10. Findings: Search types

11. Findings: Search types

12. Findings: Faceted navigation

13. User-generated content Options for user-generated content differs significantly between the two systems. In AquaBrowser, clients can add: Lists, Ratings, Reviews, and Tags. In BiblioCommons, clients can add: Age suitability; Comments; Content notes; I own this; Lists; Private notes; Quotations; Ratings; Similar titles; Summaries; Tags. Clients can also communicate with each other via an internal messaging system.

14. Findings: User-generated content

15. Findings: Percentage of observed records with user-generated content

16. User-generated content in the 50 selected records: HPL: Only 6 records (12%) were assigned user tags. One record was assigned 2, while the other 5 were each assigned one tag. There is no tag growth over the 4 months. No ratings or reviews were assigned to any of the records. EPL: Tags: Assigned to only 3 records (6%) - no changes Comments: Assigned to 10 records (20%) - no changes Ratings: Assigned to 32 records (72%)

17. Conclusions: User content and search User-generated content does not feature prominently in the search types. Directory-style browsing of records or predetermined pathways dominates search type in BiblioCommons. The basic search page features drop-down menus for fields such as author, title, genre, subject, and tag. The single basic search box (no drop-down menu) dominates search type in AquaBrowser. No specific search option for tags or any user-generated content is provided.

18. Conclusions: User-generated content User-generated content is not used extensively or significantly in the two social discovery systems observed. List creation predominates user-generated content. Ratings, reviews, and tags rank significantly lower. Other than list creation, there is very little evidence of user-generated content of the 50 records tracked over 4 months.

19. Conclusions: Faceted navigation Even though both systems provide 13-14 facets by which to refine search results, format is the predominant facet used to refine searches; the remaining facets are significantly underrepresented. User-generated content does not feature prominently in the facets provided by either system. It would be useful to allow clients to refine their searches by ratings, e.g., to select DVDs that have a 4-star rating.

20. Future research Distribute surveys and conduct focus groups across Canadian public libraries to examine: Which social features (e.g. tags, ratings or reviews) are used by others; How social features are used by users (e.g. to look for items or to contribute content to catalogue records); Users’ motivations for using (or not) social features; Users’ perceptions of, and satisfaction with, the benefits of the social features in social discovery systems.

21. Acknowledgments • Funding for this research study is provided by the OCLC/ALISE Library and Information Science Research Grant Program.