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Exploring Earth's Atmosphere: Layers, Composition, and Energy Transfer

Discover the composition, layers, and heating mechanisms of Earth's atmosphere. Learn about pressure, temperature changes, wind patterns, and the greenhouse effect. Explore how energy is transferred through radiation, conduction, and convection.

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Exploring Earth's Atmosphere: Layers, Composition, and Energy Transfer

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  1. Chapter15 The Atmosphere

  2. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Atmosphere • A mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth • Composition • Contains gases, solids, and liquids • Solids • Dust, ash, salt, and smoke • Liquid • Water

  3. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Atmosphere • Composition • Gas • Nitrogen • 78% • Released from volcanoes and decaying organisms • Oxygen • 21% • Produced by plants and used by animals • Other 1% • Argon • Carbon Dioxide • Water Vapor

  4. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Pressure • Air Pressure • Measure of force with which the air pushes on surfaces • Will decrease with Altitude • The height of an object above the Earth’s surface

  5. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Temperature • Changes as you increase altitude • Results from the way solar energy is absorbed • Different layers have different gases that absorb energy

  6. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Troposphere • Lies next to the Earth’s surface • Lowest and densest layer • Contains 90% of the atmosphere’s mass • Contains all the Earth’s carbon dioxide, water vapor, pollution, and life-forms

  7. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Stratosphere • Layer above the troposphere • Air is thin and contains little moisture • Extremely cold at base but temp rises as you go up • Contains OzoneLayer • Absorbs UV radiation • Ozone • Molecule of 3 oxygen atoms

  8. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Mesosphere • Layer above the stratosphere • Coldest layer, -93˚C • Contains large wind storms • Winds will reach 320 km/hr

  9. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Ionosphere • Between the Mesosphere and Thermosphere • Area where gas particles will become electrically charged • Gives off different colors of light

  10. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Thermosphere • Layer above the mesosphere • Temperature will increase with altitude • Can reach 1,700˚C • Does not feel hot because particles are far apart

  11. 15-2 Heating of the Atmosphere • Energy • Radiation • The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves • Most is reflected • Controls convection and conduction

  12. 15-2 Heating of the Atmosphere • Energy • Conduction • The transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by direct contact • Always moves from warm to cold areas

  13. 15-2 Heating of the Atmosphere • Energy • Convection • Transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas • Convection current • Process of warm air rising and cool air sinking in a circular motion

  14. 15-2 Heating of the Atmosphere • Greenhouse Effect • Where gases in the atmosphere trap thermal energy • Allows energy in but will not let it out • If out of balance Earth will heat up

  15. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Air Movement • Wind • The movement of air • Created from a difference in pressure • Greater the difference the greater the speed • Forms because of the unequal heating of the Earth

  16. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Air Movement • Pressure Belts • Warm air from the equator rises and cold air from the poles sinks • As air warms it creates low pressure • Creates convection cells • The circular patterns caused by the rising and sinking of air

  17. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Air Movement • Coriolis Effect • Curving of wind by Earth’s rotation • N. Hemisphere curves to the right • S. Hemisphere curves to the left

  18. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Wind Types • Local Winds • Move short distances and blow from any direction • Global Winds • A pattern of air circulation that moves across the Earth

  19. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Wind Types • Trade Winds • Winds that blow from 30˚ latitude to the equator • Coriolis effect causes them to curve • Doldrums • Where the trade winds meet • Very little wind because of the warm rising air

  20. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Wind Types • Westerlies • Wind belt between 30˚ and 60˚ latitude • Flow toward the poles in opposite direction of the trade winds • Polar Easterlies • Wind belt that extends from the poles to 60˚ latitude • Form from cold sinking air

  21. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Wind Types • Jet Stream • Narrow belts of high-speed winds • Blows around the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere • Does not follow a regular path • Local winds • Influenced by geography • Differences between land and water

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