Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction 1846-1877

1. Chapter 3 Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction 1846-1877

2. Section 1: The Union in Crisis

3. How did the issue of slavery divide the union? Section Focus QUestion

4. The Mexican-American War highlighted the issue of slavery in the United States Wilmot Proviso – called for a ban on slavery in any territory that the United States gained for this war Southerners denounced the proposal but it passed the Republican dominated House of Representatives Slavery and Western Expansion

5. New political parties are ignited by the anti-slavery movement Free-Soil Party – northern opponents of slavery A New Party Opposes Slavery

6. 1850 California applied to enter the Union as a free state ( non-slave) Compromise of 1850 – this measure admitted California as a free state but allowed other territory acquired from Mexico voter would get to decide Popular Sovereignty – this is the idea of voters deciding for or against slavery in new states Congress Tries to Compromise

7. The 1850 Compromise also included the Fugitive Slave Act. • Arrest suspected runaway slaves • No jury trial • Required citizens to help capture runaways Cont…

8. Harriet Beecher Stowe – author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, showed the plight of slaves in the south “So you are the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war” President Lincoln The Road To disunion

9. Kansas-Nebraska Act – divided the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska, allowing voters in each territory to decide the issue of slavery The Kansas – Nebraska Act

10. May 21st 1856 proslavery forces attacked the free-state town of Lawrence, Kansas John Brown – moved to Kansas hoping to confront the issue of slavery head-on Brown and his men murdered five pro-slave settlers near Pottawatomie Creek Violence Erupts in Kansas

11. Opposition to slavery led to the creation of the new Republican Party in 1854 • The presidential election of 1856 • James Buchanan – he would “stop the agitation of the slavery issue (Democrat) “Won the election” • John C. Fremont – opposed the spread of slavery (Republican) The Republican party emerges

12. Dred Scott v. Sandford– the court ruled against Scott. The court ruled that blacks were not citizens and, therefore, were not entitled to sue in the courts The Dread Scott decision inflames the Nation

13. Abraham Lincoln – Republican challenger to Senator Stephen Douglas a Democrat • Lincoln called for political equality for African Americans but not immediate abolition • Douglas saw the issue of slavery as being solved by popular sovereignty The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

14. Brown saw the political process to slow in ending slavery and saw violence as the best answer. Harpers Ferry, Virginia John Brown Plans a Revolt

15. Section 2: Lincoln, Secession, and war

16. How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war? Section Focus Question

17. John Brown, Kansas, Supreme Court (Dred Scott), and the Fugitive Slave Act’s intrusion into the states’ independence further fueled the flames of war Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator, convinced Congress to restrict federal control over slavery The election of 1860

18. The Democrats held their nomination convention in Charleston, N.C.. They split their party over the issue of federal protection vs. popular sovereignty John C. Breckinridge – nominated Vice President by southern Democrats Democrats Split their Support

19. The Whigs joined the Know-Nothings to create the Constitutional Union Party with the platform to uphold “the Constitution of the country, the Union of the States and the enforcement of the laws” Whigs Make a Last effort

20. Republicans held their convention in Chicago, they chose the more moderate Lincoln over William H. Seward because his antislavery views were deemed to radical Republicans Nominate Lincoln

21. Lincoln won the election benefiting from the fracturing among the other political parties He did not receive a single southern electoral vote and was not on the ballot in many southern states Lincoln Wins the Election

22. Long-term causes of the civil War Short-term Causes of the Civil War • Sectional economic and cultural differences • Debate over expansion of slavery into the territories • Laws increased sectional tension • Growth of anti-slavery movement • Failed political compromises • Missouri Compromise • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Kansas-Nebraska Act splits political parties • Breakdown of the party system • Lincoln elected President • South Carolina secedes from the Union The Union Collapses

23. On December 20th 1860 the South Carolina legislature decreed, “the union now subsisting between South Carolina and the other States, under the name of the ‘United States of America’, is hereby dissolved” Southern States leave the Union

24. Confederate States of America – consisting of seven states formed their own union and wrote their constitution very similar to the U.S. Constitution with stress on states rights, Jefferson Davis was chosen as president The confederacy is formed

25. Crittenden Compromise – proposed a constitutional amendment allowing slavery in western territories south of the Missouri Compromise and called for federal funds to reimburse slaveholders for unreturned fugitives Lincoln saw this as a step backward and the measure fail to get approval in Congress A final compromise fails

26. Lincoln feared that he faced a challenge greater than that of George Washington’s The civil War begins

27. Lincoln was sworn in as President on March 4, 1861 He took a firm but conciliatory tone toward the South Primary Source pg. 78 Lincoln Takes office

28. Fort Sumter – guarded the harbor at Charleston S.C., one of only four forts that remained in Union hands Sumter was in need of supplies and Lincoln faced a dilemma of what to do… Lincoln Decides to act

29. Lincoln decides to send food, but not munitions to the fort The Confederacy told the Fort Sumter garrison to surrender they refused and fighting began April 15th Lincoln declared that “insurrection” has come and called for 75,000 volunteers to fight the confederacy Fort Sumter Falls

30. Section 3: the Civil war

31. What factors and events led to the Union victory in the civil war? Section Focus Question

32. Civil War - April 1861 to April 1865 • Goals: • North – preserve the Union • South – independence from the Union Resources, Strategies, and Early Battles

33. The North had no issue increasing it’s production of ammunition, arms, uniforms, medical supplies, food, ships, and rail cars Rail networks allowed for the easy movement of men and material Strong navy blockaded vital southern ports Advantages and Disadvantages

34. The advantages of the South were few, however their forces were committed, and had some of the brightest military minds Robert E. Lee – he was offered a command of Union forces but chose to remain loyal to his native Virginia Cont…

35. The South had an advantage because they simply had to survive. The North adopted a strategy designed to starve the South Anaconda Plan – called for seizing the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico so the South could not send or receive goods North and South Develop Their strategies

36. Both North and South could not gain an advantage New weapons such as rifles, ammunition, and artillery, produced more than 10,000 casualties a day A Stalemate develops

37. Lack of clean and experienced medical care ensured many wounded died of infection rather then the wound Cont…

38. Emancipation Proclamation – presidential decree declared that “all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.” (pg. 83) Lincoln Proclaims Emancipation

39. North ramped up production of goods, raised tariffs, imposed taxes, and printed money War affects daily life

40. A shortage of volunteers, lead to Congress passing the draft in 1863 (ages 20-45) Riots broke out in several northern cities Habeas Corpus – guarantees that no one can be held without specific charges against them The North Faces problems

41. Most battles took place in the South and the starvation of the South seemed to be working North and South issued paper money guaranteed by their governments Inflation – price of increases The south suffers hardships

42. Women on both sides set up field hospitals and nursed wounded, harvested crops and held to home front War leads to Social Change

43. Ulysses S. Grant – Union General scored five victories in three weeks ending with the surrender of 30,000 Confederate troops The Union Prevails

44. Battle of Gettysburg – destroyed one third of Lee’s forces and last major Confederate attempt to invade the North Gettysburg Address – reaffirmed the ideas for which the Union was fighting (primary source p. 84) The Union wins a victory at Gettysburg

45. William T. Sherman – led 60,000 troops 400 miles march of destruction through Georgia and S.C. Total War – targeted not only troops but all resources April 9, 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant in Appomattox The war ends

46. One third of northern and southern soldiers were killed or disabled • Southern landscape and economy were decimated • Deaths: • Union / North – 346,511 • Confederate / South – 260,000 • Soldiers killed – 606,511 The Civil War has lasting impact

47. Section 4: The Reconstruction Era

48. What were the immediate and long-term effects of Reconstruction? Section Focus Question

49. Reconstruction – bringing the South back into the Union Lincoln wanted to “bind up the nation’s wounds” The nation moves toward reunion

50. Freedmen’s Bureau – federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and relieve the South’s immediate needs Food, healthcare, schools, and fair labor contracts for freed slaves The Freedmen’s Bureau Aids southerners