The Civil Wars

1. Scotland & The Short Parliament The Long Parliament, est. Nov. 1640 The Fall of Strafford Acts for Security of Parliament Political Unity; Religious Division Revolt in Ireland & Climax of Tension Charles’ Declaration of War Early Conflicts for Royalists Parliamentary Victories Scots; Eastern Assoc.; N.M.A. From the 1st to 2nd Civil War Charles’ Dealings & Death The Civil Wars Cavalry Helmet from the Civil War

2. Scotland & The Short Parliament From the Scottish National Covenant, 1638: “We noblemen, barons, gentlemen, burgesses, ministers, and commons under subscribing, considering divers times before, and especially at this time, the danger of the true reformed religion, of the King's honour, and of the public peace of the kingdom, by the manifold innovations and evils generally contained and particularly mentioned in our late supplications, complaints, and protestations, do hereby profess, and before God, His angels and the world, solemnly declare, that with our whole hearts we agree and resolve all the days of our life constantly to adhere unto and to defend the aforesaid true religion, and forbearing the practice of all novations already introduced in the matters of the worship of God, or approbation of the corruptions of the public government of the Kirk, or civil places and power of kirkmen, till they be tried and allowed in free assemblies and in Parliaments, to labour by all means lawful to recover the purity and liberty of the Gospel as it was established and professed before the aforesaid novations” Charles’ Prayer Book, 1637 Riot at St. Giles, Edinburgh Scottish National Covenant, 1638 Unity vs. King Charles (First) Bishop’s War, ‘39 The Short Parliament, April/May 1640 To Put Down Scots for Good First Parliament Since ‘28/9 Opposition to King’s Requests Grievances/Liberties/Religion (Second) Bishop’s War Strafford from Ireland Scots Occupy Newcastle & North

3. The Long Parliament, est. Nov. 1640 From the Root & Branch Petition of Londoners to Parliament: “10. The publishing and venting of Popish, Arminian, and other dangerous books and tenets; as namely, ' That the Church of Rome is a true Church, and in the worst times never erred in fundamentals;' ' that the subjects have no propriety in their estates, but that the King may take from them what he pleaseth;' 'that all is the King's, and that he is bound by no law;' and many other, from the former whereof hath sprung, 11. The growth of Popery and increase of Papists, Priests and Jesuits in sundry places, but especially about London since the Reformation; the frequent venting of crucifixes and Popish pictures both engraven and printed, and the placing of such in Bibles.” The Fall of Strafford Attainted & Executed May, ’41 (Not the King, but his Advisor) Acts for Security of Parliament, ‘40-1 Triennial Act Dissolution with Consent Financial Rights Star Chamber, High Commission Political Unity; Religious Division Constitutional Consensus Question of Episcopacy Laud, Bishops Excluded Root and Branch Radical & Conservative Ideas

4. Revolt in Ireland & Climax of Tension English/Scots Rule in Ireland Protestants vs. Catholics Irish Gentry Rebel, Oct. ‘41 Massacres of Protestants Wild Exaggeration in England English Need to Suppress John Pym’s Grand Remonstrance, Nov. ‘41 Charles’ Attempt on 5 MPs HoC Protects Pym, et al. King Flees London Both Sides Raising an Army Charles in North, Hull Parliament in Southeast, London Example of English Propaganda on the 1641 Rebellion

5. Charles’ Declaration of War Early Conflicts for Royalists Charles Denied at Hull, April ’42 King’s Standard at Nottingham, August Most Lords; Many Commons Royalists with Prince Rupert Parliament Led by Devereux, Essex Early Battles at Edgehill, Bristol Several other Locales, to July ‘43 Strong Support for King North, West, Midlands; Oxford High Taxation by Parliament Prince Rupert, Nephew to the King; c. 1641/2, NPG

6. Parliamentary Victories Scots’ Alliance with Parliament Solemn League and Covenant, Sept. ’43 Military Aid for Church Reform Eastern Association Nor-, Suffolk, Essex, Cam-, Hertfordshire Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester Oliver Cromwell, MP, Colonel Marston Moor, July ‘44 E.A. & Fairfax’ Troops Win York, Newcastle; Naseby, June ’45 New Model Army, est. ‘45 Militant Wing of Parliament, esp. Cromwell Independents vs. Presbyterians Thomas Fairfax, n.d.; NPG

7. From the 1st to 2nd Civil War Charles’ Dealings Post-Naseby Failures Winter ’45/6 Playing Scots off Parliament King with Scots, ‘46-7; Handed Over Continued Fracture: Army/Parlia. Army’s March on London, Aug. ’47 Cromwell’s Heads of the Proposals The Second Civil War King’s Escape to Isle of Wight, Nov. ‘47 Secret Deal with Scots, Others Resistance to Parliamentary Extremes Parl’s Army Divided, but Conquering Fairfax in SE, Cromwell in North Pride’s Purge of Parliament, c.240 to c.50 Death by HoC (No HoL) Tried for Treason, Executed Jan. 30, ‘49 A Royal Execution