Project by: aidelyn.s perez

1. Projectby:aidelyn.s perez .

2. oxytocin Oxytocin is a hormone which acts on organs in the body (including the breast and uterus) and as a chemical messenger in the brain controlling key aspects of the reproductive system including childbirth and lactation, and aspects of human behavior.

3. Where is the oxytocin hormone produced? • Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland.  Secretion depends on electrical activity of neurons in the hypothalamus, it is released into the blood when these cells are excited.

4. What are the target of the organs/structures of the oxytocin hormone? • Oxytocin has 2 major targets: • The myoepithelial cells of the breast, which surround the alveoli of the mammary gland, and the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. • Oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells, and uterine sensitivity to oxytocin increases throughout pregnancy.

5. How is the secretion of the oxytocin hormone regulated/controlled? Oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism where release of the hormone causes an action which stimulates more of its own release.  When contraction of the uterus starts, for example, oxytocin is released which stimulates more contractions and more oxytocin to be released. In this way, contractions increase in intensity and frequency. There is also a positive feedback involved in the milk-ejection reflex.  When a baby sucks at the breast of its mother, the stimulation leads to oxytocin secretion into the blood which then causes milk to be let down into the breast.  Oxytocin is also released into the brain to help stimulate further oxytocin secretion.  These processes are self-limiting; production of the hormone is stopped after the baby is delivered or when the baby stops feeding.

6. Normal function of the hormone • The most notable having to do with pregnant or lactating mammals. some of the hormone’s main functions are preparing a female’s body for childbirth, stimulating milk “let-down” so that a baby can properly feed, and facilitating the bond between a mother and a newborn infant. • The hormone is also thought to play a role in sexual arousal and orgasms in females who are not pregnant or lactating, as well as in males. .

7. Symptoms and cause of oxytocin • Oxytocin  then causes the stomach to contract creating a feeling of satiety. It is important to note that the type of fat is crucial in relation to health. Organic, nourishing fats such as hempseed and flax, red palm oil, raw cacao butter, extra-virgin coconut and olive oils are ideal.With a variety of methods to encourage higher oxytocin levels in autistic individuals, this hormone shows promise in minimizing the devastating effects of autism spectrum disorder.

8. Activation of the oxytocin hormone his small nine amino acid peptide is involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathological functions such as sexual activity, penile erection, ejaculation, pregnancy, uterus contraction, milk ejection, maternal behavior, osteoporosis, diabetes, cancer, social bonding, and stress, which makes oxytocin and its receptor potential candidates as targets for drug therapy.

9. The hormone used clinical or commercially? Oxytocin and prostaglandins (PGs) are hormones involved in labor and are used clinically for its induction. In this study the effect of oxytocin, PGF2α, and PGE2 on Humor immunodeficiency virus-1 production in acutely and persistently infected cells was measured. No significant effect on p24 antigen production was found with oxytocin or PGs, except for a transient decrease in persistently infected cells treated with 1 µM PGF2α. These results showed that oxytocin and PGs could be used clinically for labor induction without any direct enhancement in viral production. Besides, the results with PGF2α at the highest concentration studied may indicate a pharmacological effect.