Growth and Development of Cities: Week 2. What is Urban? & Urbanization

1. Growth and Development of Cities: Week 2. What is Urban? & Urbanization URBS 310

2. What is Urban? • “Urban” as of relating to, characteristics of, or constituting a city. (Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary) • A concentration of people with a distinctive way of life in terms of employment patterns and life styles • Urban population definitions: < 200 (Sweden, Denmark), 2500 (US), 30,000 (Japan)

3. What is Urban? • Three key characteristics of cities -large population size, social heterogeneity, and population density – contribute to the development of “urban way of life”. (Louis Wirth, 1897-1952). • Urban villagers and suburbanites tend to maintain their preexisting cultures and personailities (Herbert Gans,1967) • The culture and personality types differ widely with socioeconomic class (Oscar Lewis)

4. Urbanization • Foreign Born • 15% in 1910 • 11% in 2000 (31.1 mil.) Immigrants • Urbanization • 10% in 1690 • 70%+ in 2000 • Suburban • Originally a settlement on the fringe • A place of inferior, debased, and licentious habits of life (Oxford English Dictionary)

5. Urbanization Above: Urbanization map of the United States derived from city lights data. Urban areas are coloredred, while peri-urban areas are colored yellow. (Image courtesy Mark Imhoff, NASA GSFC) Source: members.aol.com/ copernicanview/us_urban_areas.gif

6. Industrialization: Homestead Steel http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/kilgroe/indus.htm

7. Immigration: Ellis Island http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/sl/images/ellis_island2.jpg

8. Tenement House in Brooklyn http://newdeal.feri.org/library/d22b.htm

9. New York City Tenement (1890) http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/enam312/1890pic.jpg

10. Tenement • Below are some of the features of a typical tenement structure. Features of a typical tenement include: • a building that has 4-6 stories. • a number of families or tenants living together. • each apartment has 3 rooms (the living or front room, the kitchen, and a small bedroom).

11. Tenement • dimensions of the rooms are as follows: living room is 11' x 12' 6", bedroom is 8' 6" square, and the kitchen is 12' x 10' square. • no toilet/shower/bath • bathrooms located in rear yard • fireplace in the kitchen • no water available inside the building • no electricity

12. Transportation for Commuters • Electric Trolley Services (then automobiles, streetcars, railways) & Suburbanization

13. Public Policies & Suburbanization • Housing • Federal mortgage insurance (1933) • Before this, the mortgages were negotiated for 1/3 or ½ of the value of the house over a period of five to ten years • The Great Depression destroyed the home financing system (the foreclosures over a thousand a day in 1932) • Federal Housing Administration (FHA) established in 1934 and mortgage insurance extended significantly • Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 1965. • Most of mortgages went to suburban houses (new houses and economically sound locations). • Favorable tax treatment (the home mortgage deduction)

14. Public Policies & Suburbanization • Highways • The suburbas prior ro WWII were part of the cities. Short distance from the city center. • Interstate highway program in 1956 (33,500 million dollars fopr 41,000 miles of highway to be completed by 1975)

15. Decentralization • Population movement followed and led by the movement of employment and urban services. • Industrial decentralization accelerated in the 1920s with the growth of both cheap electricity and transportation. • Shopping centers also followed population. “Large” shopping centers from 20,000 in the mid 1980s (2/3 of the national retail trade) to 40,000+ in 2000.

16. Decentralization • Edge City (Joel Garreau, 1991) • New type of a decentralized city. No more a suburb. Technoburbs by Fishman (1987). • 5 mil. Square feet+ of leasable office space – the workplace of the information age • 600,000+ of leasable retail space • More jobs than bedrooms • Nothing like ‘city’ as recently as thirty years ago.

17. Decentralization • Edge City (Joel Garreau, 1991) • Tyson’s Corner, Virginia • Silicon Valley, California • Along Route 128 in Boston, Massachusett. • Southern California: Irvine Spectrum, Anaheim/Santa Ana, Southbay/Torrance/Carson, West LA, Sherman Oaks/Van Nuys, Warner Center/West Valley, Burbank/North Hollywood, Pasadena…

18. Decentralization • Speed of Suburbanization • Depression & WWII • House-building techniques (mass-production Levittown developments) (William J, Levitt was the Henry Ford of the building industry). (150 completed houses a week).

19. An Early Family Poses in Front of their 1948 Cape Cod http://tigger.cc.uic.edu/~pbhales/Levittown.html

20. Current Trends • Over a sixth of the population moves every year. • Before 1970 • Movement to the West • Redistribution from rural to urban places & from non-metropolitan to metropolitan areas • Within the metropolitan shifts, the movement ‘up the size hierarchy’, with the largest metropolitan areas gaining the most

21. Current Trends • Rural renaissance • The growth of non-metropolitan areas at a faster rate than that of the metropolitan areas. • Some industries moved to these areas. • counterurbanization

22. Current Trends • From 1990 Census • Speed & volatility of change. Employment affected by unprecedented national and international forces (global economy). Unfavored areas (outdated manufacturing based, cuctbacks in mining & military expenditure) vs. favored (finacial, service, educational, health, and leisure centers: Las vegas, Phoenix, & South of Florida) • Growth & Distribution of minority populations. Concentration (in LA) • Employment is decentralising. Suburbs become growth areas.

23. Role of Government in Urbanization • Federal Role • Financial aid for housing, • the creation of military bases and other government installations, • the building of a huge highway network,

24. Role of Government in Urbanization • Federal Role • The indirect funding of development in the “gunbelt”. Since World War II, America's economic landscape has undergone a profound transformation. The effects of this change can be seen in the decline of the traditional industrial heartland and the emergence of new high tech industrial complexes in California, Texas, Boston, and Florida. The Rise of the Gunbelt demonstrates that this economic restructuring is a direct result of the rise of the military industrial complex (MIC) and a wholly new industry based on defense spending and Pentagon contacts.

25. Role of Government in Urbanization • Role of State/Local Government • A few states and localities have attemp[ted to influence the rate or nature of urbanization, though not with a great deal of success.

26. Census Geography PoliticalStatistical National Region State Division County MA City Urbanized Area Congressional Census Tract State Legislative Census BG School Districts Census Block

27. Geographic Hierarchy United States (1) Region (4) Division (9) State (50) County (3,219) County subdivision (36,351) & Place (25,375) Census tract (or part) (66,304) Block group (or part) (211,267) Census block (8,262,363)

28. Metropolitan Areas Metropolitan Areas (280) Metropolitan Statistical Areas (261) Central city (50,000+) or UA (100,000+) CMSA (1,000,000+) (19) Central city (50,000+) or UA (100,000+) PMSA (76) Nonmetropolitan Areas

29. Census Region • Groupings of states that subdivide the United States for the presentation of data. • There are four census regions-Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. • Each of the four census regions is divided into two or more census divisions. Before 1984, the Midwest region was named the North Central region.

30. Census Division • Groupings of states that are subdivisions of the four census regions. There are nine census divisions, which the U.S. Census Bureau adopted in 1910 for the presentation of data. • Each census division is identified by a two-digit census code. • Puerto Rico and the Island Areas are not part of any census region or census division.

31. Urbanized Area and Urban Cluster • Urbanized Area • The entire densely settled area in and around each large city • 50,000 people • 1,000 per square mile • Urban Cluster • The entire densely settled area in and around each large city • 2,500 to 49,999 people

32. Metropolitan Areas • One of a large population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with that nucleus. Some MAs are defined around two or more nuclei. • Each MA must contain either a place with a minimum population of 50,000 or a U.S. Census Bureau-defined urbanized area and a total MA population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New England). • An MA contains one or more central counties. An MA also may include one or more outlying counties that have close economic and social relationships with the central county.

33. Metropolitan Areas • If a metropolitan area (MA) has more than one million people, two or more primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs) may be defined within it. • Each PMSA consists of a large urbanized county or cluster of counties (cities and towns in New England) that demonstrate very strong internal economic and social links, in addition to close ties to other portions of the larger area. • When PMSAs are established, the larger MA of which they are component parts is designated a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA). • CMSAs and PMSAs are established only where local governments favor such designations for a large MA.

34. Metropolitan Areas • An outlying county must have a specified level of commuting to the central counties and also must meet certain standards regarding metropolitan character, such as population density, urban population, and population growth. • The territory, population, and housing units in MAs are referred to as metropolitan. The metropolitan category is subdivided into inside central city and outside central city. The territory, population, and housing units located outside territory designated metropolitan are referred to as nonmetropolitan.

35. Metropolitan Areas • The MAs and the central cities within an MA are designated and defined by the federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB), following a set of official standards that are published in a Federal Register Notice. • These standards were developed by the interagency Federal Executive Committee on Metropolitan Areas, with the aim of producing definitions that are as consistent as possible for all MAs nationwide.

36. Incorporated Place • Recognized in decennial census data products are those reported to the U.S. Census Bureau as legally in existence on January 1, 2000, under the laws of their respective states, as cities, boroughs, towns, and villages. • An incorporated place is established to provide governmental functions for a concentration of people as opposed to a minor civil division, which generally is created to provide services or administer an area without regard, necessarily, to population.

37. Census Designated Place (CDP) • Delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places. • Settled concentrations of population that are identifiable by name but are not legally incorporated under the laws of the state in which they are located. • The boundaries usually are defined in cooperation with local or tribal officials. • CDP boundaries may change from one decennial census to the next with changes in the settlement pattern; a CDP with the same name as in an earlier census does not necessarily have the same boundary. • There are no population size requirements for the CDPs designated in conjunction with Census 2000.

38. Census Tract • Small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county • The primary purpose is to provide a stable set of geographic units for the presentation of decennial census data. • Year 2000 is the first decennial census for which the entire United States is covered by census tracts. • Generally between 1,500 and 8,000 people, with an optimum size of 4,000 people.

39. Census Tract • Designed to be homogeneous with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions. • Intention of being maintained over many decades so that statistical comparisons can be made from decennial census to decennial census. However, physical changes in street patterns caused by highway construction, new developments, and so forth, may require occasional boundary revisions. In addition, census tracts occasionally are split due to population growth or combined as a result of substantial population decline.

40. Census Tract • Census tracts are identified by a four-digit basic number and may have a two-digit numeric suffix; for example, 6059.02. • Census tract numbers range from 1 to 9999 and are unique within a county or statistically equivalent entity.

41. Traffic Analysis Zone • A special area delineated by state and/or local transportation officials for tabulating traffic-related data- • journey-to-work • place-of-work statistics. • A TAZ usually consists of one or more census blocks, block groups, or census tracts. • For the 1990 census, TAZs were defined as part of the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP). • Identified by a six-character alphanumeric code that is unique within county or statistically equivalent entity.

42. Block Group • Lowest geographic level for census sample data (SF3) • A cluster of census blocks having the same first digit of their four-digit identifying numbers within a census tract. • For example, block group 3 (BG 3) within a census tract includes all blocks numbered from 3000 to 3999. • BGs generally contain between 600 and 3,000 people, with an optimum size of 1,500 people.

43. Census Block • Lowest geographic level for census data (SF1) • Bounded on all sides by visible features, such as streets, roads, streams, and railroad tracks, and by invisible boundaries, such as city, town, township, and county limits, property lines, and short, imaginary extensions of streets and roads. • Generally, small in area bounded by city streets. However, census blocks in remote areas may be large and irregular and contain many square miles. • Identified uniquely within census tract by means of a four-digit number.

44. Political Boundary Changes • Annexations to or detachments from legally established governmental units. • Mergers or consolidations of two or more governmental units. • Establishment of new governmental units. • Disincorporations or disorganizations of existing governmental units. • Changes in treaties or executive orders, and governmental action placing additional lands in trust. • Decisions by federal, state, and local courts. • Redistricting for congressional districts or county subdivisions that represent single-member districts for election to a county governing board.

45. Statistical Boundary Changes • Local, state, or tribal governments can have changes to adjust boundaries to visible features, to better define the geographic area each encompasses, or to account for shifts and changes in the population distribution within an area. • Changes to the boundaries for census tracts and, for the first time, for census blocks are available in relationship files, which are only available in computer-readable form. • the census tract relationship files show a measure of the magnitude of change using the proportion of the length of roads and sides of roads contained in partial census tracts.

46. Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Code • FIPS codes are assigned for a variety of geographic entities, including American Indian area, Alaska Native area, Hawaiian home land, congressional district, county, county subdivision, metropolitan area, place, and state. • The objective of FIPS codes is to improve the ability to use the data resources of the federal government and avoid unnecessary duplication and incompatibilities in the collection, processing, and dissemination of data. The FIPS codes and FIPS code documentation are available online at http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/index.htm.

47. Optional Assignment • Access the census web page http://www.census.gov/geo/www/index.html • List the name and FIPS code of the state, census region, and census division where CSUN is located. • List the name and FIPS code of CMSAs in California. • What are the name and FIPS code of PMSAs belonging to each of above CMSAs in California.

48. Optional Assignment • How many counties in California? • How many cities in the county where you live? • Using Census 2000 Tabulation Tallies, count the number of census tracts, block groups and blocks in California for Census 2000.

49. Optional Assignment • Using the Reference Maps, name the region, division, state, county, metroplitan area, city, 106th congressional district, census tract, state legislative district, census block group, school districts, census block where you live.