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Future of Retirement – an Exploration and Comparison of Different Scenarios

Future of Retirement – an Exploration and Comparison of Different Scenarios. SOA Re-envisioning Retirement in the 21 st Century Seminar May 3, 2006. The Puzzle Today. Premature Retirement Risk. Working in Retirement. Decline of DB Plans. Less Retiree Health. Little Longer Term

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Future of Retirement – an Exploration and Comparison of Different Scenarios

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  1. Future of Retirement – an Exploration and Comparison of Different Scenarios SOA Re-envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar May 3, 2006

  2. The Puzzle Today Premature Retirement Risk Working in Retirement Decline of DB Plans Less Retiree Health Little Longer Term Thinking Higher Health Costs Longer Life Spans What is Longevity Risk? Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  3. Our Goals Today • Think about future patterns of retirement • Understand forces driving change and uncertainty • Share predictions and opinions • Move on path to creating a better future Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  4. Agenda • The Puzzle About Working Longer • Context • Scenarios • Opinions Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  5. Puzzles around longer work • More than 7 in 10 people say they want to work in retirement • About 4 in 10 people retire earlier than planned • Don’t plan for premature retirement risk • Higher age displaced workers take longer to get jobs • Other research indicates that older applicants get fewer call backs • Age discrimination? Will this change as population ages? • Future: unknown effect of longer work on retirement patterns Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  6. Context: Big Picture • Personal responsibility for retirement security increasing • Changing US Retirement System - more employer sponsored savings (DC) and fewer traditional pension plans (DB) and less retiree health • Longer expected retirements • With longer life comes issues that are unique to, or more important during periods later in life • As population ages, needs of the very old become more important to the nation • Lot of attention being paid to Boomer retirement Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  7. Context: Major information sources • SOA Research • 2005 Study of Risks and Process of Retirement • Focus groups on investment of retirement assets • Retirement confidence study • Government data • AARP studies • Staying Ahead of the Curve 2003 Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  8. Context: Demographics • New ways to think about life cycle • Third age: period between full time work and total retirement • During transition period • Some work and more leisure • Supplement earnings with retirement resources • Looks like traditional cyclical life plan • Key trends • Living longer • Healthy longer but not forever Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  9. Context: Probability of Living to 80, 90, 100Projected to 2025 Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  10. Context: The work and retirement experience • People say they want to work longer • Many work after “retirement” • Often part-time or part-year • Of those who are not in labor force at 50-61 • 67% of men are disabled • 40% of women are disabled • Job options and innovative practices are needed Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  11. Context: Work After Retirement Percentage of Retirees with Various Work Experiences (2004) Source: Society of Actuaries, 2005 Risks and Process of Retirement Survey. Results based on 274 retirees who provided their retirement age. Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  12. Context: Pre-retirees expect to work longer Source: Society of Actuaries, 2005 Risks and Process of Retirement Survey Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  13. Context: Expected vs. actual timing of retirement among retirees Source: EBRI/ASEC/Greenwald, 2000-2004 Retirement Confidence Surveys Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  14. Context: Pre-retirees don’t consider premature retirement risk Source: Society of Actuaries, 2003 Risks and Process of Retirement Survey Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  15. Context: Earnings, Retirement Income and Risk • For those with pensions, they are important source of income • For those with earnings, they are an important source of income • 45% of over age 65 women alone have little in addition to Social Security • Understanding of risk • Not changing much • Health care and long term care --- biggest issues • Little focus on longevity risk • Personal experience bigger factor than statistics Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  16. 2003 2001 2005 Retirees(2005 n=302) Pre-retirees(2005 n=300) You might not have enough money to pay for adequate (2003/2001: good) health care You might not be able to keep the value of your savings and investments up with inflation You might not have enough money to pay for [a nursing home/ nursing care at home] You might not be able to maintain a reasonable standard of living [for the rest of your life] Concerns about risk fairly constant How concerned are you that . . . ? (percentage very or somewhat concerned) Source: Society of Actuaries, 2001,2003 and 2005 Risks and Process of Retirement Surveys Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  17. Context: Importance of EarningsAges 55 and Over Source: Debra Whitman and Patrick Purcell, CRS Report for Congress, November 7, 2005 Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  18. Context: The national picture • Social Security is a key driver of retirement ages • Public policy influences work patterns • Need to support phased retirement • Labor supply/demand = big unknown Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  19. Context: Puzzles around labor shortages: will opportunities be there? • Wide range of views around future shortages of workers • Labor force growth predicted at 1.1% per annum over 2002-2012 period • Growth of only 0.6% per annum 2000 – 2050 Source: Horrigan, “Employment Projections to 2012: Concepts and Context,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004 Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  20. Puzzles around labor shortages: will opportunities be there? • BLS projections based on assumption that labor market clears(1) • Many ways to clear a labor market • Immigration, technology, work organization, outsourcing, flexible workers, overtime • I expect shortages in some occupations and industries but will this overall lead to more opportunities for seniors? • Will work evolve to make it easier for seniors to work (e.g. age discrimination, part-time work) • The experts disagree about labor shortages Author’s opinion --- no general shortages, variety of spot shortages (1) Source: Horrigan, “Employment Projections to 2012: Concepts and Context,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2004 Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  21. Context: Bottom line = dangers to Boomer retirement security • Decline in benefits provided without employee action • Inadequate resources • Lack of individual knowledge • Intuitive and short-term retirement planning • Lack of role models • Failure to act on knowledge • False set of confidence about • Adequacy of resources • Ability to work later in life • Ability to get high returns on investments • Not needing long term care Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  22. Driving the scenarios: Big questions about future of retirement • What is retirement? • What is appropriate role of government, the employer and the individual? How should risk be shared? Can each party realistically meet their commitments? • What are appropriate eligibility ages to start benefit payments (retirement ages)? • How important is lifetime income? • Are there special issues for the boomers, a cohort in the middle of a transition? Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  23. Scenarios: Putting the Puzzle Together • I – Continue Present Trends • II – Increase Retirement Ages • III – End of Retirement • IV – Move to New Patterns of Retirement Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  24. I – Continue Present Trends • Role of retirement systems in society is unchanged • Most people leave full-time labor force at 60-67 • About 50% work on some basis after they have left full-time work • Big difference in pension benefits and assets by person • Those who had long term jobs often have traditional pensions • Older women alone least well off • Big variation in experiences of those who try to get work Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  25. II - Increase Retirement Ages • Role of retirement systems in society is unchanged • Major increase in retirement ages • No significant change in role of the family • Pension implications • Enable phased retirement • Enable age 70 normal retirement ages • Total resources needed decline – shorter retirement period • Increases labor supply at older ages • Increases need for work options • Increases need for disability benefits Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  26. III - End of retirement • Retirement systems and pensions disappear • Major increase in labor supply at older ages • Major increase in role of the family • Increases need for work options • Increases need for disability benefits • Increases need for social safety net • Greatly increases number of people in poverty/near poverty Author’s opinion: very undesirable result Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  27. IV - Move to new patterns of retirement • Many similarities to II --- Increase in Retirement Ages • Retirement is much more of a process • Work options are critical • Period of work at reduced level is normal – Third Age • Increase in age of total withdrawal from labor force • Increases labor supply at older ages • Traditional final average pay plans are not a good fit • Need methods to use retirement resources gradually while working Author’s preferred scenario Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  28. Opinions: Work options and periods of work • Work options – individuals should position themselves for work options, but very important to build resources in case there are no options • Limits on period of work – age 75 or earlier is the practical limit of work for most people • Working to higher ages much more likely if good work options Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  29. Opinions: Limits on employee action • Many employees are not long-term planners • Little change in gaps in knowledge over time • Retirement systems should work well without employee action, many people will not make good decisions • People much more likely to save if employer plan • For DC plans, desirable options include • Auto-enrollment • Auto-increases in saving • Lifetime income payout as defaults • Balanced investment options • Social Security and employer benefits for all remain very important Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  30. Opinions: Labor supply and demand • Growth in labor force will slow • Spot shortages are likely • Health care • Specialized occupations • Do not expect a general shortage of labor • Unclear whether older persons wanting to work will be able to find work • Many people are working in retirement now and more say they want to in the future • Fewer people likely to work than say they want to • Work options are very important Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  31. Opinions: Important policy positions • Support organized retirement systems • Social Security with income payout • Employer sponsored DB and DC • Support systems that work without employee action • Facilitate and encourage phased retirement • Strengthen disability benefits and recognize that later retirement means more disability benefits Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

  32. Revisiting puzzles around longer work • More than 7 in 10 say they want to work in retirement • About 1 in 2 work after retirement • About 4 in 10 retire earlier than planned • Older applicants take longer to get jobs • Many questions: • What will people choose? • What choices will they have? • Will there be jobs? • Can older workers get them? • What options will be available? Presentation at Re-Envisioning Retirement in the 21st Century Seminar, 5/3/2006

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