Making Capital Investment Decisions

1. Chapter Ten Making Capital Investment Decisions

2. Key Concepts and Skills • Understand how to determine the relevant cash flows for various types of proposed investments • Be able to compute the CCA tax shield • Understand the various methods for computing operating cash flow • Understand how to analyze different capital budgeting decisions

3. Chapter Outline • Project Cash Flows: A First Look • Incremental Cash Flows • Pro Forma Financial Statements and Project Cash Flows • More on Project Cash Flow • Alternative Definitions of Operating Cash Flow • Applying the Tax Shield Approach to the Majestic Mulch and Compost Company Project • Some Special Cases of Cash Flow Analysis

4. Relevant Cash Flows 10.1 • The cash flows that should be included in a capital budgeting analysis are those that will only occur (or not occur) if the project is accepted • These cash flows are called incremental cash flows • The stand-alone principle allows us to analyze each project in isolation from the firm simply by focusing on incremental cash flows

5. Asking the Right Question • You should always ask yourself “Will this cash flow occur (or not occur) ONLY if we accept the project?” • If the answer is “yes”, it should be included in the analysis because it is incremental • If the answer is “no”, it should not be included in the analysis because it will occur anyway • If the answer is “part of it”, then we should include the part that occurs (or does not occur) because of the project

6. Common Types of Cash Flows 10.2 • Sunk costs – costs that have been incurred in the past • Opportunity costs – costs of lost options • Side effects • Positive side effects – benefits to other projects (existing operations) • Negative side effects – costs to other projects • Changes in net working capital (keep this in mind) • Financing costs (interest, dividends excluded) • Inflation (adjust cash flows for it) • Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) - consider cash flows on an after-tax basis

7. Pro Forma Statements and Cash Flow 10.3 • Capital budgeting relies heavily on pro forma accounting statements, particularly income statements • Computing cash flows – refresher • Operating Cash Flow (OCF) = EBIT + depreciation – taxes • Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) = OCF – net capital spending (NCS) – changes in NWC

8. Example: Pro Forma Income Statement

9. Example: Projected Capital Requirements

10. Example: Projected Total Cash Flows

11. Making The Decision • Now that we have the cash flows, we can apply the techniques that we learned in chapter 9 • Assume the required return is 20% • Enter the cash flows into Excel and compute NPV and IRR • NPV = 10,648 • IRR = 25.8% • Should we accept or reject the project?

12. More on NWC 10.4 • Why do we have to consider changes in NWC separately? • GAAP requires that sales be recorded on the income statement when made, not when cash is received • GAAP also requires that we record cost of goods sold when the corresponding sales are made, regardless of whether we have actually paid our suppliers yet • Finally, we have to buy inventory to support sales although we haven’t collected cash yet

13. Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) • CCA is depreciation for tax purposes • The depreciation expense used for capital budgeting should be calculated according to the CCA schedule dictated by the tax code • Depreciation itself is a non-cash expense, consequently, it is only relevant because it affects taxes • Depreciation tax shield = DT • D = depreciation expense • T = marginal tax rate

14. Computing Depreciation • Need to know which asset class is appropriate for tax purposes • Straight-line depreciation • D = (Initial cost – salvage) / number of years • Very few assets are depreciated straight-line for tax purposes • Declining Balance • Multiply percentage given in CCA table by the undepreciated capital cost (UCC) • Half-year rule • Can use PV of CCA Tax Shield Formula:

15. PV of CCA Tax Shield Formula • Where: • C = Cost of asset • d = CCA tax rate • Tc = Corporate Tax Rate • k = discount rate • S = Salvage value • n = number of periods in the project

16. Example: Depreciation and Salvage • You purchase equipment for $100,000 and it costs $10,000 to have it delivered and installed. Based on past information, you believe that you can sell the equipment for $17,000 when you are done with it in 6 years. The company’s marginal tax rate is 40%. If the applicable CCA rate is 20% and the required return on this project is 10%, what is the present value of the CCA tax shield?

17. Example: Depreciation and Salvage continued • The delivery and installation costs are capitalized in the cost of the equipment

18. Other Methods for Computing OCF 10.5 • Bottom-Up Approach • Works only when there is no interest expense • OCF = NI + depreciation • Top-Down Approach • OCF = Sales – Costs – Taxes • Don’t subtract non-cash deductions • Tax Shield Approach • OCF = (Sales – Costs)(1 – T) + Depreciation*T

19. Salvage Value versus UCC 10.6 • Using the methods described in the previous slide will give incorrect answers when the salvage value differs from its UCC • If the asset is depreciated using a declining balance method, then the CCA tax shield formula is the most accurate approach, since it takes into account the future CCA impact

20. Example: Cost Cutting 10.7 • Your company is considering a new production system that will initially cost $1 million. It will save $300,000 a year in inventory and receivables management costs. The system is expected to last for five years and will be depreciated at a CCA rate of 20%. The system is expected to have a salvage value of $50,000 at the end of year 5. There is no impact on net working capital. The marginal tax rate is 40%. The required return is 8%. • Click on the Excel icon to work through the example

21. Original Machine Initial cost = 100,000 CCA rate = 20% Purchased 5 years ago Salvage today = 65,000 Salvage in 5 years = 10,000 New Machine Initial cost = 150,000 5-year life Salvage in 5 years = 0 Cost savings = 50,000 per year CCA rate = 20% Required return = 10% Tax rate = 40% Example: Replacement Problem

22. Example: Replacement Problem continued • Remember that we are interested in incremental cash flows • If we buy the new machine, then we will sell the old machine • What are the cash flow consequences of selling the old machine today instead of in 5 years?

23. Example: Replacement Problem continued • If we sell the old equipment today, then we will receive $65,000 today. However, we will also NOT receive $10,000 in 5 years • The appropriate number to use in the NPV analysis is the net salvage value • Always consider after-tax cash flows • You can use your calculator for the cash flows and salvage, but there are no short cuts for finding the PV of the CCA tax shield

24. Example: Replacement Problem continued • Net present value of the project is: • Therefore, the old equipment should be replaced.

25. Machine A Initial Cost = $150,000 Pre-tax operating cost = $65,000 Expected life is 8 years Machine B Initial Cost = $100,000 Pre-tax operating cost = $57,500 Expected life is 6 years Example: Equivalent Annual Cost Analysis The machine chosen will be replaced indefinitely and neither machine will have a differential impact on revenue. No change in NWC is required. The required return is 10%, the applicable CCA rate is 20% and the tax rate is 40%. Which machine should you buy?

26. Example: Setting the Bid Price • Consider the example in the textbook: • Need to produce 5 modified trucks per year for 4 years • We can buy the truck platforms for $10,000 each • Facilities will be leased for $24,000 per year • Labor and material costs are $4,000 per truck • Need $60,000 investment in new equipment, depreciated at 20% (CCA class 8) • Expect to sell equipment for $5000 at the end of 4 years • Need $40,000 in net working capital • Tax rate is 43.5% • Required return is 20%

27. Quick Quiz • How do we determine if cash flows are relevant to the capital budgeting decision? • What are the different methods for computing operating cash flow and when are they important? • What is the basic process for finding the bid price? • What is equivalent annual cost and when should it be used?

28. Summary 10.8 • You should know: • How to determine the relevant incremental cash flows that should be considered in capital budgeting decisions • How to calculate the CCA tax shield for a given investment • How to perform a capital budgeting analysis for: • Replacement problems • Cost cutting problems • Bid setting problems • Projects of different lives