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Understanding Computers: Number Systems, Programming Languages, and Code

Gain a comprehensive understanding of computers by learning about number systems, computer programming languages, and the process of encoding data into code. Explore the different types of programming languages and their capabilities.

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Understanding Computers: Number Systems, Programming Languages, and Code

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  1. Chapter 3 Software

  2. IC3 Certification Objectives GS5 • Computing Fundamentals • Domain 2.0 Hardware devices • Objective 2.6 Understand power management and power settings • Objective 2.7 Understand driver concepts as well as their device compatibility • Objective 2.8 Know platform considerations and implications • Objective 2.9 Know platform compatibility, device limitations

  3. IC3 Certification Objectives GS5 • Computing Fundamentals • Domain 3.0 Computer software architecture • Objective 3.1 Understand operating system versioning and update awareness • Objective 3.2 Know concepts surrounding applications vs. operating system vs. global settings • Objective 3.3 Have a general understanding of operating systems and software settings • Objective 3.5 Users and profiles • Objective 3.8 Menu navigation

  4. IC3 Certification Objectives GS5 • Computing Fundamentals • Domain 3.0 Computer software architecture • Objective 3.9 Searching for files • Objective 3.12 Know how to install, uninstall, update, repair software • Domain 6.0 Cloud Computing • Objective 6.5 Understand web app types • Domain 7.0 Security • Objective 7.1 Know credential management best practices

  5. IC3 Certification Objectives GS5 • Key Applications • Domain 6.0 App culture • Objective 6.1 Understand how to obtain apps • Objective 6.2 Identify different app genres • Objective 6.3 Understand strengths and limits of apps and applications • Living Online • Domain 1.0 Internet (navigation) • Objective 1.1 Understand what the Internet is

  6. IC3 Certification Objectives GS4 • Computing Fundamentals • Domain 1.0 Operating system • Objective 1.1 What is an OS and what does it do? • Objective 1.2 Manage computer files and folders • Objective 1.3 Manage computer configuration, Control Panel, OS drivers • Domain 3.0 Computer software and concepts • Objective 3.1 Software management • Objective 3.2 Licensing • Objective 3.3 Software usage

  7. IC3 Certification Objectives GS4 • Computing Fundamentals • Domain 3.0 Computer software and concepts • Objective 3.4 Software tools • Domain 4.0 Troubleshooting • Objective 4.1 Software • Objective 4.3 Devices and peripherals • Key Applications • Domain 1.0 Common application features • Objective 1.3 Navigating

  8. IC3 Certification Objectives GS4 • Living Online • Domain 4.0 Digital citizenship • Objective 4.2 Legal and responsible use of computers

  9. Section 3.1 Language of Computers

  10. Essential Question • How is a strong understanding of math important to computer programming?

  11. Section 3.1 Learning Goals After completing this section, you will be able to: Compare mechanical and electronic computers. Explain various number systems. Discuss computer programming languages.

  12. Terms • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) • assembly language • bit • byte • bytecode • code • compiler • computer algorithm • data type • encoding • high-level programming language • interpreter • low-level programming language

  13. Terms machine language object-oriented languages procedural languages programs unicode

  14. Electronic Computers • Electronic computers have no moving parts • All information represented as • On/off • 1/0 • True/false • Files are patterns of 1s and 0s

  15. Electronic Computers Binary digit, or bit, is the basic building block for communication in an electronic computer Eight bits equal one byte

  16. Number Systems • Decimal Numbers • Positional system • Based on place value and base 10 • Digits used are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 • Places represent powers of 10 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

  17. Number Systems • Binary Numbers • Positional system • Based on place value and base 2 • Digits used are 1 and 0 • Places represent powers of 2

  18. Number Systems • Hexadecimal Numbers • Positional system • Based on place value and base 16 • Digits used are 0–9, A, B, C, D, E, F • Places represent powers of 16

  19. Number Systems Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

  20. Code • Encoding Instructions • Encoding is the process of converting human-readable data and computer programs into a computer-readable format • Code is the result of the encoding process

  21. Code • Encoding Data • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a standard for representing text that most computers support • Unicode is a system for encoding text characters in which two bytes are assigned to each character

  22. Code • Computer Programming Languages • High-Level Languages • Contain instructions that are far removed from the instruction the computer CPU uses • Programming software contains a compiler, which converts the programmer’s code into code the CPU can understand • Interpreter converts instructions to code the CPU can understand as the program is executing

  23. Code • Computer Programming Languages • High-Level Languages • Bytecode is a set of instructions composed of compact numeric codes, constants, and references that can be efficiently processed by an interpreter • Procedural languages are computer programming languages in which instructions are gathered into collections called procedures • Object-oriented languages contain data structures and actions that can be performed on those structures

  24. Code • Computer Programming Languages • Low-Level Languages • Very close to the instruction set used by the CPU • Machine language is a low-level language composed of the 0s and 1s the CPU uses • Assembly language is very close to machine language, but the CPU cannot directly understand it • Difficult for a person to read and write

  25. Code • Data Types Used in Computer Programming • Data type is the description of values or information that can be accepted • Stored in different ways • Algorithms • Computer algorithm is a series of steps used to perform an action • Map of what needs to be done

  26. Code • Algorithms • Programmers write the code to activate the algorithm • Types of algorithms • Linear algorithms are processed once and solutions are output • Iterative algorithms are repeated until a condition is met

  27. Code Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

  28. Section 3.1 Review Convert this hex code into its binary equivalent: 0xF6A9 1111 0110 1010 1001 Convert this binary code into its hex equivalent: 1101101010011 0x:1B53 What is the name of a program that converts higher-level programming language into machine language? Compiler

  29. Section 3.1 Review What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter? A compiler converts the programmer’s code into code the CPU understands, while an interpreter does the same thing as a program is running. What is the basic difference between a linear algorithm and an iterative algorithm? A linear algorithm is processed once, while an iterative algorithm is repeated until the terminating condition is met.

  30. Section 3.1 Review IC3 Certification Practice A memory address is stated as 0x14DE. What is the binary equivalent? 0001 0100 1101 1110

  31. Section 3.2 Systems and Software

  32. Essential Question • Which operating system is the best to use?

  33. Section 3.2 Learning Goals After completing this section, you will be able to: Explain operating systems. Identify system utility programs. Describe device drivers. Discuss programs.

  34. Terms accessibility options check box desktop theme device driver drop-down menu hibernation language packs platform power down power options power states radio button sleep system software user account utility programs

  35. Operating Systems System software includes four types of software: the operating system, utility programs, device drivers, and programs Written for the computer system Platform is the combination of the operating system and the processor

  36. OperatingSystems Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

  37. Operating Systems • Windows Operating System • Windows Interface Overview • Desktop metaphor • Icons represent files and programs • Starting Programs in Windows • Start menu lists all programs • Double-click on desktop icon

  38. Operating Systems Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

  39. Operating Systems • Windows Operating System • Interface Controls • Radio button looks like a small circle and allows only one selection in a group • Check box looks like a small square and allows many selections in a group • Drop-down menu presents choices in a list

  40. Operating Systems • Windows Operating System • Common Tasks Using Windows • [Ctrl][A] selects all items • [Ctrl][X] cuts items for pasting • [Ctrl][C] copies items • [Ctrl][V] pastes items • [Ctrl][Z] undoes last action • [Alt][Tab] access to all open applications

  41. Operating Systems • Windows Operating System • Starting and Exiting the OS • Power on and power down manually • Log on and off to user account • Switch user to another person • Lock and unlock access to computer

  42. Operating Systems • Windows Operating System • User Accounts • Set of privileges for allowed actions • Each user can personally configure features • Group policies provide the ability for the IT administrator to change permissions and configurations of all or some user accounts for the devices within a group of devices

  43. Operating Systems • Basic Desktop Configuration • Languages • Windows supports a wide range of languages • Language packs can be downloaded from Microsoft and installed to change the language of the OS interface • Date and Time • Calculated in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) • Distributed to 24 time zones around the world

  44. Operating Systems • Basic Desktop Configuration • Visual Options • Configured in one of the available resolutions • Desktop themes set the colors used for window borders, the desktop background, and other visual qualities • Accessibility Options • Assist users with vision, mobility, or hearing impairment • Set in Control Panel through the Ease of Access heading

  45. Operating Systems Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

  46. Operating Systems • Power Configurations Options • Power options manage how the computer uses electricity • Power states conserve power used by CPU • Power saver is low use • Balanced is medium use • High performance is high use

  47. Operating Systems • Power Configurations Options • Power down turns the computer completely off • Sleep allows rapid restart of all activity, small power use • Hibernation allows restart of all activity, no power use

  48. Operating Systems • Handheld Device Operating Systems • Operating systems specifically created for handheld devices • Android for non-Apple devices • iOS for Apple devices • Windows Phone for selected smartphones • Blackberry for proprietary devices • Several, mostly open-source operating systems • Different versions of each, just like computer operating systems

  49. System Utility Programs • Utility programs assist in managing and optimizing a computer’s performance • File Explorer finds files • Disk defragmenter reorganizes files on disk • Add extra protection against viruses and malware, assist in installing or removing software, find files, and speed up communication

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