考点啊，你们到底在哪里

1. 考点啊，你们到底在哪里

2. 王瀚民 邮箱：wanghanmin@xiaoma.com QQ：1879032435

3. 一、例子！ 提示词：for example\ for instance\ such as 例子（a）→观点（A） 观点一般出现在提示词之前，例子出现在之后。 常考题型：why…mention…? (就A提问) what examples does the man mention to describe ……? （就a提问）

4. 二、听开头（主旨题） 提示信息： 对话：what can I do for you?等 \ I have a problem等 讲座：Today we are going to talk about 等 （注意特殊情况：开头先复习） 开头没有怎么办？

5. 三、说话人强调的内容！ 强调方式： 1、使用特定的词语： Now\Actually\In fact\... 2、使用比较级、最高级。 3、反复提到 3、注意语气！

6. 四、普遍观点 提示信息: most people thought \ it is commonly believed The traditional view is … 过去观点是错的，新观点是对的。

7. 五、数字、年代、专业名词、人名 相关描述最为重要！ 根据它们帮助理解材料。

8. 六、个人观点 提示信息： 1、I think\In my opinion\ from my perspective 2、语气语调

9. 七、反问，师生互动 1、反问换陈述 2、互动问题有何意义

10. *关于逻辑连接词 1、排序： First\Second\Third\... 非计不可！

11. *关于逻辑连接词 2、因果： because\therefore\so 原因（a）, 结果（A）

12. *关于逻辑连接词 3、转折与对比 But\whereas\however\although 转折：转折后的为重点 对比：抓两者不同点（类比的话就抓相同）

13. *关于逻辑连接词 4、并列、列举 and\also\as well as\along with 思考为什么能归为一类

14. 我们来看一个例子 Professor Ok, now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms. And that’s the octopus, one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea. The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its predators?

15. Well, let me back up here a second. Anyone ever heard of Proteous? Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change form. He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree, anything you wanted, and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly. Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus. Just like Proteus, the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations. And it does this in three ways: by changing color, by changing its texture, and by changing its size and shape.

16. For me, the most fascinating transformation is when it changes its color. It’s a normal skin color, the one it generally presents, is either red or brown or even grey, and it’s speckled with dark spots. But when it wants to blend in with its environment to hide from its enemies, it can take on the color of its immediate surroundings: the ocean floor, a rock, a piece of coral, whatever. Charles?

17. Student Do we know how that works, I mean, how they change colors? Professor Well, we know that the reaction that takes place is not chemical in nature. The color changes are executed by two different kinds of cells in the octopus’ skin, mainly by color cells on the skin’s surface call chromatophores.

18. Chromatophores consist of tiny sacks filled with color dye. There might be a couple hundred of these color sacks per square millimeter of the octopus’ skin, and depending on the species, they can come in as many as five different colors. Each one of these sacks is controlled by muscles. If the muscles are relaxed, the sack shrinks, and all you see is a little white point. But if the muscle’s contract, then the sack expands, and you can see the colors. And by expanding different combinations of these color sacks to different degrees, the octopus can create all sorts of colors. Yes, Elizabeth?   Student And just with various combinations of those five colors, they can recreate any color in their environment?

19. Professor Well, they can no doubt create a lot with just those five colors, but you are right, maybe they can’t mimic every color around them, so that’s where the second kind of cell comes in.   Just below the chromatophores is a layer of cells that reflect light from the environment, and these cells help the octopus create a precise match with the colors that surround them. The colors from the color sacks are supplemented with colors that are reflected from the environment, and that’s how they are able to mimic colors with such precision. So, that’s how octopus mimic colors.

20. But they don’t just mimic the colors in their environment; they can also mimic the texture of objects in their environment. They have these little projections on their skin that allow them to resemble various textures. The projections are called papillae. If the octopus wants to have a rough texture, it raises the papillae. If it wants to have a smooth texture, it flattens out the papillae, so it can acquire a smooth texture to blend in with the sandy bottom of the sea. So the octopus has the ability to mimic both the color and the texture of its environment. And it’s truly amazing how well it can blend in with its surroundings. You can easily swim within a few feet of an octopus and never see it.

21. Student I read that they often hide from predators by squirting out a cloud of ink, or something like that.   Professor Yes. The octopus can release a cloud of ink if it feels threatened. But it doesn’t hide behind it, as is generally believed. Um, the ink cloud is ... it serves to distract a predator while the octopus makes its escape.

22. Um, now there’s a third way that octopus can transform themselves to blend in with or mimic their environment, and that’s by changing their shape and size, well, at least their apparent size.   The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very flexible to assume all sorts of shapes and postures. So it can contract into the shape of a little round stone, and sit perfectly still on the seafloor. Or it can nestle up in the middle of a plant and take the shape of one of the leaves. Even Proteus would be impressed, I think.

23. Even Proteus would be impressed

24. PS：特定题型做题心得 主旨题： 出题形式： Why does the student go to the professor? What is the main topic of the lecture? What is the lecture mainly about?

25. PS：特定题型做题心得 主旨题： 心得：1、听清开头； 2、记清楚笔记，整理文章脉络； 3、慎选过于片面信息；（过宽泛也不行） （全文只提到一次的词，末尾段信息）

26. PS：特定题型做题心得 细节题： essential：精进自己的笔记 心得：1、延续文章主线的细节 （名词定义，因果关系结构，举例分层结构，对比结构，强调，特定时间发生的事，独特性细节，互动问答，自问自答，结尾细节，……） 2、要选符合文章主旨、符合文章内容的选项。

27. PS：特定题型做题心得 推断题： 出题形式： What will the student probably do next? What can be inferred about … ? What does the professor imply about … ?

28. PS：特定题型做题心得 推断题： 心得：1、选没有听到的 2、推论都很直白，不要过度思考 注意同义词转换（符合任何题型！）

29. Thanks ! Keep Fighting !