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From the Beginning

From the Beginning. Chapter 1. In the beginning:…. Some 225 million year ago, the earth had one main chunk of land (Pangaea) which later drifted apart. How do we know?- Science has found nearly identical species of animals thousands of miles away from one another

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From the Beginning

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  1. From the Beginning Chapter 1

  2. In the beginning:… • Some 225 million year ago, the earth had one main chunk of land (Pangaea) which later drifted apart. • How do we know?- Science has found nearly identical species of animals thousands of miles away from one another • The current geographical shape was anchored in the NE by the CANADIAN SHEILD- massive rock that most likely was the first land to emerge from the sea in North America

  3. It’s Cold In Here: • During the last ice age, glaciers extended well into what would become the US • The melting, retreating glaciers helped to fill such land features as the Great Lakes and helped to flatten much of the North (Indiana) • Due to lower water levels, it is believed that the first humans to come to NA followed big game across the land bridge- BERINGIA which connected Eurasia and NA.

  4. http://www.thefurtrapper.com/images/Beringia.jpg

  5. Great American Civilizations • When waters rose, the inhabitants were on their own • By the time Columbus sailed, there were an estimated 54 million people in the Americas which established as many as 2000 separate languages and tribes • The INCAS, MAYANS, and AZTECS established “advanced” civilizations in what is today Mexico and South America

  6. http://www.google.com/imgres?q=aztec+empire&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbm=isch&tbnid=Jak_x7t1cMHQ2M:&imgrefurl=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/azimpst.html&docid=OlYIrcOdjFp8PM&w=578&h=400&ei=FT9STpDSBIK5tweT693KCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=144&vpy=313&dur=97&hovh=187&hovw=270&tx=167&ty=107&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=194&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0&biw=1214&bih=677http://www.google.com/imgres?q=aztec+empire&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbm=isch&tbnid=Jak_x7t1cMHQ2M:&imgrefurl=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/azimpst.html&docid=OlYIrcOdjFp8PM&w=578&h=400&ei=FT9STpDSBIK5tweT693KCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=144&vpy=313&dur=97&hovh=187&hovw=270&tx=167&ty=107&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=194&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0&biw=1214&bih=677

  7. Good Ole’ Corn on the Cob • Once the early civilizations were able to domesticate crops (mainly MAIZE- Indian Corn), hunter and gathers began to settle which allowed for advancement • The PUEBLOdeveloped irrigation systems to carve a life out of the arid Southwest • Corn’s expansion took time and as a result no NATION-STATES (small nations) comparable to the Aztecs and Incas developed outside of Mexico by the time the Europeans came

  8. Closer to Home • Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley, Mississippian culture, and the Anasazi did develop large settlements • CAHOKIA, near modern day St. Louis, MO, was the largest in what will become the U.S. with as many people as 25,000 • The Anasazi developed Chaco Canyon with more than 600 integrated rooms • All of these cultures, probably because of drought, declined by 1300 C.E.

  9. http://www.google.com/imgres?q=CAhokia&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=6xb-OOEscMuFyM:&imgrefurl=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/il-cahokia.html&docid=MwYHkDdvkmSQnM&w=500&h=339&ei=F0BSTo_-NMqutwfcnvHKCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=143&vpy=141&dur=804&hovh=185&hovw=273&tx=191&ty=114&page=1&tbnh=157&tbnw=194&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0&biw=1214&bih=677http://www.google.com/imgres?q=CAhokia&hl=en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=6xb-OOEscMuFyM:&imgrefurl=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/il-cahokia.html&docid=MwYHkDdvkmSQnM&w=500&h=339&ei=F0BSTo_-NMqutwfcnvHKCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=143&vpy=141&dur=804&hovh=185&hovw=273&tx=191&ty=114&page=1&tbnh=157&tbnw=194&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0&biw=1214&bih=677

  10. Three Sisters Farming • Advancement in farming, such as THREE SISTERS FARMING (with the blending of farm lands and better moisture management) larger civilizations developed in the Southeast- Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee

  11. Iroquois • Located in the northeastern woodlands • Closest thing to a Aztec / Inca like civilization • The leader HIAWATHA helped to create the IROQUOIUS CONFEDERACY • The LEAGUE OF THE IROQUOIS (“whites’” name) were the main power in the northeast and menaced their neighbors- both Native and Europeans • FIVE NATIONS OF IROQUOIS- Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Cayu, and Senecas • Although they worked with each other, they were still “independent” • Through out colonization, they aligned with the French against the English and the English against the French (They were playing the sides against each other) • When the American Revolution broke out, the Iroquois Confederacy could not decided as a whole to support so each tribe made their own decision • Most sided with the British • When the British lost, the Confederacy was in left in tatters and was split

  12. http://www.oocities.org/whitewolve64_2/wood.culture_map.jpg http://www.google.com/imgres?q=iroquois&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbm=isch&tbnid=jp_nqz8fwm-VRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/kmartin/School/iroqcloth.htm&docid=DfTzpFLxIaeMBM&w=240&h=336&ei=lEBSTpTrG4S6tgeU_ZTLCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=566&vpy=164&dur=2164&hovh=266&hovw=190&tx=120&ty=147&page=1&tbnh=145&tbnw=121&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0&biw=1214&bih=677

  13. Indirect Discovers of the “New World” • The Norse Men came upon the north-eastern should of NA in 1000 C.E. • Eric the Red was a Viking that started a settlement in Greenland • Leif Ericson, (a son of Eric the Red) thought to be first European in North America • The Crusades- Knights of Europe repeatedly attempted to gain control of the Holy Lands- most often they failed but the desire to get Asia goods will later lead them to sail this way • MARCO POLO’s account of Asia help fuel the fire for these exotic items

  14. Africa First to Go • By 1450, the Portuguese (the leaders of marine exploration) developed the CARAVEL (a ship that could sail better into strong, Northerly wind) which opened the West African coast • Slavery was already used between Arabs and Africans before Europe got involved • The Portuguese built their own systematic traffic of slaves to work sugar plantations • In the last 1/2 of the 15th century- some 40,000 slaves were taken

  15. The Indies • Portugal kept pushing down the “dark continent” • 1498, Vasco da Gama finally reached India

  16. The Perfect Storm • The “perfect storm”- The Renaissance (Rebirth) in the 14th century spawned an “ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure”, and the Printing Press (GUTENBERG) helped to expand scientific knowledge, the taking of Africa meant needed to look elsewhere • Improvements in mapmaking, navigation, and new ships allowed them to be able travel further distances • The compass helped to keep ships on track

  17. Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella • Monarchs of Spain • Christopher Columbus (Italian) convinced F & I to give him $$ to sail • An all water route to the West Indies was preferable to the treacherous all-land route (tough terrain and high taxes, etc.) • Despite near mutiny, he arrived in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492 • Epic Fail?- His real goal was to find an all water route to the Indies • He thought he was there- hence- Indians

  18. Columbian Exchange • Brought four continents together: Europe, Africa, North and South America • COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE- Because of his trip, a major exchange of goods, services, diseases, and ideas took place between the New and Old World which became known as the Columbian Exchange

  19. PAGE 396

  20. Columbian Exchange

  21. http://schoolworkhelper.net/2011/07/smallpox-history-symptoms/http://schoolworkhelper.net/2011/07/smallpox-history-symptoms/

  22. http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Syphilis&hl=en&biw=1214&bih=677&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=0FnsZbPwvDcy-M:&imgrefurl=http://www.kellykite.com/590/syphilis.html&docid=wU8UXGZ6qI0a5M&w=500&h=339&ei=fYZTTrSTOdCutwedmOnbBQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=423&page=1&tbnh=158&tbnw=215&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=114&ty=97http://www.google.com/imgres?q=Syphilis&hl=en&biw=1214&bih=677&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=0FnsZbPwvDcy-M:&imgrefurl=http://www.kellykite.com/590/syphilis.html&docid=wU8UXGZ6qI0a5M&w=500&h=339&ei=fYZTTrSTOdCutwedmOnbBQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=423&page=1&tbnh=158&tbnw=215&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=114&ty=97

  23. Native American Culture • Way of life varied based on location: Farmers, Nomadic, etc.: Not all Native Americans are the same • Organized by kinship groups:Clans and tribes • Followed religious rituals and believed in earthly spirits and forces: Believed in multiple spirits of the earth such as wind, fire, rain, etc. • Oral History and tradition • Used barter system across regions • BELIEVED LAND SHOULD NOT AND COULD NOT BE OWNED- It was everybody’s

  24. European World • Strongly influenced by the Catholic Church (Later the Church of England will have influence) • Feudalism (during middle ages): People worked the land in exchange for services and protection – Kept people tied to the land • Nation-states begin to form controlled by monarchs (kings and queens) • Experimentation during Renaissance, Humanism (focused on the needs, desires, and wants of people)

  25. European Culture Continued • Protestant Churches- Different Christian sects began to form • Wanted to spread CHRISTIANITY, find markets and raw RESOURCES, and valued EXPLORATION: GOD, GOLD, and GLORY

  26. Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese) • Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern tip of South America. • His crew made the first round trip around the world. His ship the Victoria made it around the world. • He named the Pacific Ocean because it was so peaceful. Picture Credit: http://www.mariner.org/age/magellan.html

  27. Amerigo Vespucci • Amerigo Vespucci • He wanted to find a star above the South pole to help sailors navigate. • He never found the star, but he did help map 3,300 miles of land in South America. • America was named after him. Picture Credit: http://www.esd.k12.ca.us/Matsumoto/TM30/history/Explorers/vespmap.html

  28. Treaty of Tordesillas • Many times, both Spain and Portugal claimed the same areas of land • Pope Alexander gave an order- he drew an imaginary line and the land west of the line were Spain's and the lands east were Portugal • Later this line was extended to the west and became known as the Treaty of Tordesillas • So what?- Explains why Brazil speaks Portuguese and the majority of SA speaks Spanish

  29. The Slave Trade • Europeans attempted to enslave Native Americans but that did not work well? Why? • Europeans started to depend on African slaves to fill the need • By the 1600s, the trading of slaves was the chief focus of European relations with Africa • Portion between Africa and the Americas was known as the Middle Passage • Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was known as the Triangular Trade

  30. Spanish and Dutch Empires

  31. Encomienda • System established in the Caribbean • It allowed the government to “commend” or give Natives to colonists if they promised to baptize them (Pg. 18) AKA- SLAVERY

  32. Ponce de Leon • He went with Christopher Columbus on his 2nd voyage in 1493. He stayed there and became the 1st European to live on the mainland of North America. • He was Looking for the “fountain of youth” • He found Puerto Rico and became governor there. • He also found Florida and named it "Pascua de Florida" (feast of flowers) after a Spanish Easter holiday because he found Florida on Easter!

  33. Hernando De Soto • He Sailed for Spain • His time in the USA was spent exploring Florida down to Mexico looking for gold. • He did “find” the Mississippi River.

  34. Francisco Coronado • He spent his time looking for the 7 cities of gold! • He was considered a failure because he didn’t find gold, but laid claim of entire Southwest for Spain • Grand Canyon http://www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/spanishexplorers.htm

  35. Hernando Cortes • Hernando Cortes came to Mexico. • He was a Spanish Conquistador (conquerors) • The Aztecs thought he might be a god since he was the 1st white person they had ever seen and he was traveling on the back of “deer”(Pg. 19) so they sent gifts- only encouraged Cortes • The Aztecs attacked on noche triste (sad night)- June 30, 1520 and forced the Spaniards back • Hernando Cortes laid seize to the capital- Tenochtitlan and due to superior and disease conquered it and the Aztecs on August 13, 1521. • The Emperor Montezuma was killed in 1520. Picture Credit: http://www.pwcs.edu/i-tech/resources/tlcf/EarlyExploration/hernando_cortes.htm

  36. Francisco Pizarro • Spanish Conquistador • He explored Peru. • Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and stole their gold and silver. Picture Credit: http://www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/spanishexplorers.htm

  37. Mercantilism • Economic and political changes linked overseas expansion to a new economic theory • Mercantilism stated that a country’s government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth, which was measured by the amount of bullion (gold and silver) they had. • To get wealth, one had to take from other countries • CAPITALISM- Was also established due to the increase in the silver supply as a result of the explorations

  38. Commercial Revolution • The changes in ways of doing business led to the “Commercial Revolution” • During this time period,individuals would join together to form “joint-stock companies”- people would buy shares and become owners in the hopes of finding similar success (England)- Jamestown

  39. Spread of the Spanish • Due to stories of Coronado’s exploits, the Spanish crept north • Battle of Acoma- the Spanish conquered and abused (cut one foot off)a large number of Pueblo and established the area as a province of New Mexico and made the capital Santa Fe’ in 1610 • The Spanish found little in the way of gold or furs, so they attempted to convert the Natives to Christianity (often times violently) • This led to Pope’s Rebellion in 1680 • The Pueblo destroyed every Catholic Church and killed preists and hundreds of Spanish settlers • Would take around 50 years before Spain regain control

  40. Mestizos • The Spanish brought their customs, laws, and culture to Mexico and the American Southwest • They intermarried with the surviving Indians and the result was the MESTIZOS- people with mixed Indian and European heritage and blood

  41. GOD, GOLD, & GLORY • Remember the easy way to summarize the desires of the Spanish’s exploration (and later other countries)is GOD, GOLD, and GLORY

  42. England and France Come Calling

  43. John Cabot • At age 16, he began studying sailing and mapping. • He moved to England and got the King to support his exploration. • He is important because his exploration for England gave England the right to the eastern portion of what would become the USA. Picture Credit: http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot.html

  44. ROBERT LaSALLE (FRENCH) • Mainly French explored Indiana first • Vincennes- First permanent settlement in 1732 • Explored the Mississippi River down to New Orleans • Help France lead FUR TRADE

  45. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE (ENGLAND) • Weakened Spanish Armada- Nearly invincible Spanish Navy • Attacked Spain’s St. Augustine, FL- Oldest permanent settlement in U.S.A

  46. SIR WALTER RALEIGH (ENGLAND) • Attempted to set up colony at Roanoke- 2nd attempted failed because the inhabitants disappeared • Opened the door for later English colonies

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