Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

1. Legal Considerations For Mission Design Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

2. Mission Design - Legal Considerations Legal issues in space? Who cares? It is far away, can it effect you & me? Why worry about law and policy for space systems? 2 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

3. Mission Design - Legal Considerations Legal issues in space? Who cares? What happened during exploration in the 1700? Explorers at that time claimed any land they discovered. What about the discovery of the north and south poles in the 1800 & 1900s? Explorers at that time claimed any land they discovered. Who owns the Moon and Mars? The first ones that had landings there? 3 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

4. Mission Design - Legal Considerations It is far away, can it effect you & me? If the Russians claimed ownership of the moon - would we have to pay a landing fee every time we landed there? What about a Moon base - we would have to pay rent to the Russians for space. 4 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

5. Mission Design - Legal Considerations What about a Moon base - 10 Sq Km - Moon Space for Rent $1,500,000/month Russian Moon Reality Contact: Alex Belov Alex@RMReality.com 5 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

6. Mission Design - Legal Considerations Why worry about law and policy for space systems? Satellites orbit over many countries on earth • Who owns space abovecountry? • Illegal to fly aircraft over countries without permission • What about satellites? • Russians proposed - 100 – 110km lower limit • Other – 36,000km – own space to and including GEO belt • Use of transmit frequencies from satellites? • National treaties by ITU (International Telecommunications Union • Gives rights for use of frequencies for satellites Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design 6

7. Mission Design - Legal Considerations • Use of transmit frequencies from satellite? • National regulation agencies • US – FCC (Federal Communications Commission) • US commercial satellites can not be launched unless they have a license for proper use of satellite to ground frequency. • US passed Commercial Space Act of 1998 for the Department of Transportation to control launch of US satellites. 7 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

8. Mission Design - Legal Considerations Sovereign nations make treaties Outer Space Treaty of 1967 • All nations may scientifically investigate space • No nation may claim sovereignty over outer space • The rules of space will follow the established principles and rules of international law and the UN Charter. • No nuclear weapons in space … • Must use celestial bodies for “peaceful purposes” • Astronauts are envoys of mankind • must be returned home nation promptly • Recovered space objects must go back to launching nations 8 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

9. Mission Design - Legal Considerations Outer Space Treaty of 1967 – (cont’ed) • Nations bear international responsibility for their actives in outer space, whether done by government agencies or private citizens • Launching nation liable for damages to citizens of other nations cased by national and private launch activities • Nations must maintain register of their launches • Launch nation must advise UN Secretary General of: • Date and location of launch • Orbital parameters • General functions of space object 9 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

10. Mission Design - Legal Considerations Outer Space Treaty of 1967 – (cont’ed) • Nations must conduct space activities so as to avoid harming or contaminating the environment. • Stations on moon or other celestial bodies shall be open mutually to representatives of other nations after reasonable advance notice. 10 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

11. Mission Design - Legal Considerations Other Issues • Claims due to reentering satellites causing damage to other nations. • Reentry of Russian nuclear reactor in Canada in 1978 that contaminated 124,000 km2 • Purchase insurance for: • Prelaunch damage (getting to launch site) • Launch damage of commercial launches to government facilities • Third party liability ---- return of space station parts • Launch failure • Reflight • Loss to others on flight (secondary to primary launch payloads) 11 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

12. Mission Design - Legal Considerations Other Issues (cont’d) • Import – export regulations • Space Systems Design need export certificate to launch your satellite on a foreign launcher • Space Systems Design needs go get ITAR (International Trade in Arms Regulations) certificate to work with contracts with foreign countries. • To do THIS, a university must register with the US State Department as a EXPORT ARMS DEALER • University students that give information to a non favored nation on satellites or satellite operations could be liable for federal prosecution. (Even giving reference to public domain material) Would your university want to do this? 12 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design

13. Mission Design - Legal Considerations What about Asteroid mining? Who owns the mineral rights? 13 Introduction to Space Systems and Spacecraft Design Space Systems Design