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Ocean Weather Station M - from weather forecast to climate monitoring

Ocean Weather Station M - from weather forecast to climate monitoring. M/S Polarfront. Ingunn Skjelvan Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. Non-meteorological time series. Start in 1948 61 yrs with temperature and salinity, GFI , 5 t/w

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Ocean Weather Station M - from weather forecast to climate monitoring

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  1. Ocean Weather Station M - from weather forecast to climate monitoring M/S Polarfront Ingunn Skjelvan Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen

  2. Non-meteorological time series Start in 1948 61 yrs with temperature and salinity, GFI, 5 t/w 56 yrs with oxygen, GFI, weekly 28 yrs with atmospheric greenhouse gasses, NOAA, 2 t/w 18 yrs with biological parameters, IMR, weekly 8 yrs with carbonate system, BCCR, monthly 4 yrs with sea and air pCO2, BCCR, continuously 3yrs with carbon isotopes,BCCR, monthly 3yrs with direct flux/eddy correlation studies, NOC, continuously + moorings/sensors

  3. Annual mean temperature at 2000 m depth Østerhus 2009 WARMER deep water during the last 25 yrs Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen (GFI)

  4. The recent warming is due to different processes TEMPERATURE OXYGEN Østerhus (2009), BCCR/GFI

  5. INCREASING annual mean wave height INCREASING atmospheric CO2 content Norwegian Meteorological Institute NOAA

  6. atmosphere pCO2 ocean surface 2000 m time ~25 μmol kg-1 (~1.1 μmol kg-1 yr-1) DCT = +0.6 mmol kg-1 yr-1 10 m (winter values) ~9 μmol kg-1 (~0.4 μmol kg-1 yr-1) DCT = +1.3 mmol kg-1 yr-1 (~2.6 uatm yr-1) • changing deep circulation- anthropogenic origin INCREASING oceanic pCO2 DECREASING sink for atm CO2 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR)

  7. -0.03 pH units over 6 years (-0.005 pH units/yr) INCREASING ocean acidification

  8. OWSM carbon data used to verify models Coupled carbon-ecosystem model used to examine carbon and nutrient mixed layer dynamics Findlay et al., 2008

  9. pCO2 pH Future monitoring at OWSM • Aim: continuation of the long time series • Moorings / buoys / sea gliders • Ship time for water sampling and deployment / recovery 1st application partly financed2nd application pending

  10. Major challenges • Not enough time for overlapping measurements/calibrations

  11. Appendiks

  12. Decrease in surface-ocean pH is already measurable • Anthropogenic decline in surface pH: • 0.1 since 1750 (indirect method) • 0.02 pH units per decade since 1980 (direct method) based on Bates, Dore, Gonzàles-Dàvila et al. in Willebrand, Bindoff et al. (IPCC AR4, 2007)

  13. Spreading of Intermediate from the Greenland Sea Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea M

  14. Recent warming Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean Cooling Ice cover Intermediate depth: Warming due to warmer water convected in Greenland Sea convection ~2000 M: Warming due to lack of GSDW (replaced by AODW) Below 2500 m: Warming due to geothermal driven convection and heating Heating

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