Programming

1. Programming

2. Scheduling • Midterms- Not too shabby. You will have them in your hands by Tuesday. • Presentations- to continue again next class. If we don’t finish, the remainder will go Tuesday after my lecture. • Reminder: Please check class blog for updated schedule. Feel free to ask questions via comments. (www.silradio.com/tvr165)

3. Quick Review/Preview • Narrowcasting? • How does radio attempt to reach its target audience? • If you were to develop television programming, what kind would you produce (think like a capitalist) • We talked about cultural imperialism. Is exporting programming cultural imperialism or globalization (or are these just synonyms)?

4. Programming Definition • Programming described by the text as “practices used in selecting, scheduling and evaluating programs.” • Defines the goal of commercial programming as “either to attract advertisers by delivering audiences of sufficient size and appropriate compensation or to attract audience who pay subscription fees-- or both” • We’ll accept these assumptions.

5. Targets • Radio (after Rock and Roll saved its soul) and magazines are generally narrow in focus (narrowcasting/ niche services).

6. Major Radio Formats • 1 - News / Talk / Information
2,179 stations 
15.9% share of audience

 • 2 - Country
2,066 stations 
13.2% share of audience 

 • 3 - Adult Contemporary
1,556 stations 
12.8% share of audience 

 • 4 - Contemporary Hit Radio
569 stations 
10.3% share of audience 

 • 5 - Rock 
869 stations 
9.0% share of audience 

 • 6 - Urban
352 stations 
7.6% share of audience 

 • 7 - Oldies
1,060 stations 
7.1% share of audience 

 • 8 - Spanish
750 stations 
6.4% share of audience 
 • 
9 - Religious
2,014 stations 
5.5% share of audience 

 • 10 - Alternative
454 stations 
4.0% share of audience (from www.watchmojo.com)

7. For the Intellectually Curious… • http://www.nyradioguide.com/formats.htm

8. Again, For The Intellectually Curious • Format Trends • http://wargod.arbitron.com/scripts/ndb/fmttrends2.asp • Audience Composition Reports: • http://wargod.arbitron.com/scripts/ndb/audience2.asp • For the extra studious: please don’t memorize these charts. I won’t test you on it. But you need to know what the formats are.

9. What That Means • AQH is an abbreviation for Average Quarter-Hour Persons (AQH Persons), defined by Arbitron as the average number of persons listening to a particular station for at least five minutes during a 15-minute period. • Share is the percentage of those listening to radio in an Arbitron "market" (typically a metropolitan area) who are listening to a particular radio station. • Thus, AQH Share for a given station is mathematically expressed as [AQH Persons listening to station / AQH Persons listening to all market radio stations] * 100.

10. CHR is the closest radio gets to targeting a mass audience. The idea is to play the hits (Top 40) Problem is CHR pulls from playlists from other formats (Urban, Rock etc…) and sometimes there is a danger of loosing direction The Dilemma of CHR

11. From current Hot 97 (Urban CHR) Top 20 1. Blame It (Jamie Foxx feat T Pain & Yung Joc) 2. Brooklyn (Go Hard) (Jay-Z feat. Santigold) 3. No Games (Serani) 4. Dead and Gone (T.I. feat Justin Timberlake) 5. Rockin That Thang (The Dream) 6. She Got her Own (Ne-Yo feat. Jaime Foxx & Fabolous) From current Z100 (CHR) Top 20 1. Dead and Gone (T.I. feat Justin Timberlake) 2. Poker Face (Lady Gaga) 3. Gives You Hell (All-American Rejects) 4. Right Round (Flo Rida) 5. My Life Would Suck Without You (Kelly Clarkson) 6. You Found Me (The Fray) The Dilemma of CHR

12. So, let’s draw the comparison to TV • More and more distribution • Cable networks started to limit their appeal: CNN, BET, MTV, Nickelodeon… Why is that? • This trend was influenced by advertisers-- advertisers don’t want to spend to reach audience that isn’t interested in product. • Pay services work in a similar way even though they don’t have ads.

13. Types of Targets • Demographics: age range and gender • Psychographics: lifestyle interests (sports fans etc…) • Audience Segmentation: Dividing the audience into narrow groups. Text gives example of radio combining demographics and psychographics. (Female audience 25-44 interested in the 80’s might be a target of an 80’s or Lite AC station.

14. The Principle of Parsimony • In business (as opposed to science where this means something else) it basically means getting the most bang for your buck. Specifically in programming, there are generally three components to this. • Sparing Use • Repeated Use • Shared Use

15. Sparing Use • This means using the same plot, sporting event etc… and stretching it out. • Think of the Super Bowl. Pre-game show, half-time, wrap-up. • News shows also do this. A particular segment hosted by John Quinones will appear on Good Morning America, Primetime, and Yahoo. • American Idol stretches each “round” over two or three evenings (which is like slowly pealing a band-aid off my eyeballs, but that’s just me)

16. Repeated Use • Simply means using the same thing over and over. • Text gives example of broadcasters rerunning programs over the summer months. • Howard Stern (when he was on Infinity) frequently had “best of” shows.

17. Shared Use • The program should be able to appear on as many outlets as possible. • Networks produce shows that appear on hundreds of different stations and cable systems.

18. Global Programming • It is common for the broadcast industry to take a successful show and try to repeat success in another international market. • Take a look…

19. UK Till Death Do Us Part (original) The Office What’s My Line US All In The Family (copy) The Office What’s My Line Some Examples

20. Big $$$ • Now, think all the way back to 6 slides ago…the Parsimony Principle. • The global market place for television was worth $3.4 billion in 2004 • The number of hours of internationalized TV increased 22% from 2002 to 2004 • What kind of programming do you think this was, mostly? (From http://researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=300159)

21. Game Shows and Reality TV • According to the same report in the last slide, game shows make up 50% global TV (the Japan presentations addressed this a little) • Reality TV is also appealing for similar reasons • They are cheap to produce and aren’t as culturally specific as some other formats (Roseanne might be hard to recreate in Singapore) • So if you are a program developer, you would give serious thought to creating yet another game show or reality show

22. So what government regulates all these “free trade” • There were international trade treaties set up, but there were still disputes • There are now organizations in place to protect “intellectual property” • But what’s the difference between generic imitation and infringement? • But, cases like the People’s Republic of China, “piracy” becomes a major issue. • "We are suffering, to be honest. We haven't yet figured out the right approach to the market, which we know is a robust market.” Richard Parsons, 2003 (http://www.tax-news.com/archive/story/AOL_Falters_In_China_Faced_With_IP_Piracy_xxxx13202.html)

23. Questions? • ?

24. Reading • Please keep up with readings. You should be finished with 8 and reading 9 (both on programming). • Quiz schedule will be announced after the next round of presentations.