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Aging Species

Aging Species. AG-WL-4. Biological Processes. What are some important biological process to wildlife reproduction and survival? What are the significance of each?. What are methods for growth and repair in living organisms?. Assimilation Process of changing food substances Growth

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Aging Species

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  1. Aging Species AG-WL-4

  2. Biological Processes • What are some important biological process to wildlife reproduction and survival? • What are the significance of each?

  3. What are methods for growth and repair in living organisms? • Assimilation • Process of changing food substances • Growth • Process of increasing in size • Need balance of nutrients to sustain growth • Nutrient deficiency may cause disease, stunted maturity, and death • Repair • Replacement of worn or damaged parts

  4. Anatomy • The study of form, shape, and appearance • Anatomy helps determine how an animal survives in their environment

  5. Locomotion • Refers to how animals move • Swimming • Walking • Flying • Running

  6. Physiology • Study of how the parts of an anatomy function • Systems include: • Skeletal • Digestive • Respiratory • Muscular • Circulatory • Nervous • Excretory • Reproductive

  7. Physiology • Skeletal System • Consists of bones giving animals shape • Protects organs • Systems can be internal or external (exoskeleton) • Vertebrates are animals with backbones

  8. Physiology • Digestive System • Decomposes food • Two major types • Ruminant • Animals have stomach that is divided into four categories • Omasum • Reticulum • Rumen • Abomasum • Monogastric • Simple stomach with only one compartment

  9. Physiology • Respiratory System • Animals take in oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide • Land species have lungs • Water species have gills

  10. Physiology • Muscular System • Provides support and allows for movement • Attached to skeletal system

  11. Circulatory System • Moves blood through an organism • Main organ is the heart • Works closely with the respiratory system

  12. Physiology • Excretory System • Removes waste • Urine • Feces • Perspiration

  13. Physiology • Nervous System • Connects brain activity with muscles • Main part is the spinal cord

  14. Physiology • Reproductive System • Enables organism to produce an offspring • Can be sexual or asexual • Sexual • Requires union of sperm and an egg • Asexual • Cloning exact offspring

  15. Reproduction • May occur internally or externally, depends on species. • Most large animals reproduce by internal mating. • Sexual union between male and female, known as copulation. • Once egg is fertilized by sperm, female carry young in their uterus (Gestation). • After parturition (birth) the young receive nourishment from its mother’s milk • Birds lay eggs and incubate them. • Fish, reptiles and amphibians lay eggs and that are externally fertilized.

  16. Age-Sex Structure • Reflects the current status of a wildlife population • Indicative of: • Habitat quality • Health factors • Behavioral conditions

  17. Age-Sex Structure • Used to estimate future declines or increases in the number of animals, and to recommend the appropriate management of the animal

  18. Age Determination • Embryonic Development • Fetal measurements: Use measurement devices to determine weeks/days to parturition • Candling: process by which a light source is utilized to illuminate the contents of an egg to determine fertility or maturation • Flotation: • A fresh egg will sink. • A partially developed embryo will float with the blunt end uppermost. • A decomposing egg will float on its side.

  19. Age Determination • Morphological Features • Size and Weight of the animals. • Hind foot lengths. • Pelt Primeness • Development and wear of teeth • Development and wear of feathers • Development of Genitalia

  20. Sex Determination • Genitalia • Secondary Sex Characteristics • Antler Development • Spur Development • Plumage Differences • Droppings • Courtship Behavior and Urination Postures

  21. Ways to Age/Sex Whitetail Deer • Sex • Physical Characteristics (Body Size / Snout Length) • Does • Fawn • Buck • Age • Antler Characteristics • Ear Width • Ear Length • Number of Antler Points

  22. Sexing Wild Turkeys • Hen – Female • Feathers on Crown of Head • Foot generally less than 4.5 inches • Droppings are curled • Beards and spurs are absent • Breast feathers are generally brown or buff-tipped • Jake – Juvenile Male • Gobbler (A.K.A – Tom) – Adult Male • Feathers to base of head • Beard is evident • Foot is greater than 4.5 inches • Droppings are J-shaped • Spur is present • Breast feathers are generally black tipped

  23. Aging Wild Turkeys • Determine Age by: • Spurs (Males) • 1 year 1/2” or less • 2 years 1/2” to 7/8” • 3 years 7/8” to 1” • 4+ years 1” + • Beards • 1 year 3 – 5 inches • 2 years 6 – 9 inches • 3+ years 10 inches + • Wings • Juvenile: • 9th and 10th primaries pointed and dark tipped, no barring near tip • Irregular contour of tail feathers • Adult: • 9th and 10th primaries more rounded with white barring extending to tip • Regular contour of tail feathers

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