Contrastive Linguistics Teaching Stress Prof. Walid Amer

1. The Islamic University_ GazaFaculty of Arts_ English DepartmentMaster Degree of Translation and Applied Linguistics Contrastive LinguisticsTeaching Stress Prof. WalidAmer

2. Supra-segmental Features • Supra-segmental features are these melodic or prosodic elements in the flow of spoken language. They include pitch, length, stress and intonation. • The most important impressions these features convey relate to the speaker's identity, attitudes, and emotional states and perhaps most significant of all the speaker's evaluation of what he or she is saying. • She is a good lawyer

3. Stress • Stress is the degree of force with which a sound or syllable is pronounced. Stress relates to syllable prominence; stressed syllables are those syllables within an utterance that are longer, louder and higher in pitch. about, father , potato , apartment , receive , perhaps • Production : more muscular energy • Reception : more prominent than unstressed syllables • Four factors in determining prominence in a syllable: Loudness, Length, Pitch, Quality

4. Functions of Stress • To give special emphasis to a word or to contrast one word with another. You broke the WINDOW. I think JOHN not Mary should go • To indicate syntactic relationships and grammatical function between words or parts of words or parts of words. noun-verb INsult/ inSULT, Export/exPORT Compound nouns WHITEhouse, a white house GREENhouse, a green house DIplomat dipLOmacy diploMAtic PHOtograph phoTOgraphy photoGRAphic MOnotone moNOtony monoTOnic

5. Level of Stress • Primary stressrefers to the heaviest emphasis given to a syllable in a word when spoken in isolation or placed on the most important syllable of an important word in context. CLEArance stress is on first syllable eVAporate stress is on second syllable inteRRUPT stress is on third syllable

6. Level of Stress 2. Secondary stress invovles giving emphasis to a lesser degree to a syllable but still great enough to constitute stressing. cupCAKE secondary stress is in on second syllable aptitUDE secondary stress is in on final syllable PHOtographic secondary stress is on first syllable 3- Tertiary (weak syllable) Stressis the amount of emphasis needed to preserve the normal vowel quality without giving it the emphasis of primary or secondary stress. organization • Unstressed Syllables containing / I / , /ə/ and /ʊ/ will sound less prominent than an unstressed syllable containing other vowels

7. Where the stress falls in a word • All one syllable words, spoken in isolation, are stressed. • A two-syllable word has one stressed syllable. The stress may be on the first syllable STUdy, or on the second syllable beLIEVE. Grammatical difference between nouns and verbs. • In a two-syllable word, if the second syllable is a long vowel or a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, the second syllable is stressed: aPPLY, aRRIVE, asSIST • If the final syllable contains a short vowel or if it ends with one consonant, the first syllable is stressed: ENter, Equal , Open • Prepositions, like verbs, often have stress on the second syllable, aBOVE, aBOUT, wiTHIN, beHind • If a word has a diphthong or a long vowel, the stress often falls on it hoRIzon, aLOUD, diVINE, supREME, dicTAtion

8. Where the stress falls in a word 7- If there is no diphthong or long vowel, stress often falls on the third short vowel from the end, or the second from the end if it is followed by two consonants: CEnima , diVInity , Medical , apPEndix 8- Words containing prefixes tend to be strongly stressed on the first syllable of the base form unHEALTHy , exPLAIN , Asleep 9- Germanic prefixes (a- , be- , for- , fore- , under- , over- , out- , un- , with-) are always unstressed in word in which they occur, e.g. (overLOOK, underRATE), But when a word with this prefix functions as a noun and has the pattern of a noun compound, the prefix or its first syllable tends to be stressed: UNderdog , Upshot , OVERdose , FOREcast

9. Mark the stress on the following words: • Verbs: a- protect b- clamber c- detest d- entering e- menace f- disconnect • Nouns a- language b- captain c- career d- paper e- injury f- connection g- fruitcake h- confirmation j- birth mark

10. Mark the stress on the following words: • Verbs: a- protect b- clamber c- detest d- entering e- menace f- disconnect • Nouns a- language b- captain c- career d- paper e- injury f- connection g- fruitcake h- confirmation j- birth mark

11. Sentence Stress • Some stress tends to fall on all content words in an utterance. • There are four levels of sentence stress: • unstressed syllable • lightly stressed (content words) • strongly stressed (prominent element) • extra strong (contrastive / emphatic stress)

12. Sentence Stress • Which word is the most prominent in a thought group? 1- New or important information is usually the last content word in a neutral phrase: What are you doing? Here’s a package for you. There’s too much traffic. He doesn’t understand her.

13. Sentence Stress 2. Emphatic stress on a particular element MATTHEW’S hair is blue. Matthew’s HAIR is blue. Matthew’s hair IS blue. Matthew’s hair is BLUE.

14. Sentence Stress 3. Contrastive stress on two parallel elements Is this a HIGH- or LOW-intermediate English class? HIGH-intermediate Is this the low-intermediate ENGLISH class? No, it’s the HIGH-intermediate class.

15. Stress different words in the following sentences and explain what is meant by the main stress in each case. The manager will not allow you to go into the factory.

16. 1 2 3 4 5 The manager will not allow you to go into the factory. 1 the manager = not anybody else 2 not = will forbid you 3 you = he may allow someone else, but not you 4 to go = he may allow you to look at it from the outside, for instance 5 factory = he may allow you to go into the office but not into the factory

17. Stress in Arabic • Stress placement in Arabic is more predictable and straightforward than in English. • Stress placement is determined by the number and length of syllables in a word

18. Rules of stress placement in Arabic • One-syllable words have a primary stress whether the vowel is short or long BArd (cold), TAR (it flew), Fi: (in ) 2. A word of two or three short syllables takes the primary stress on the first syllable, e.g. ‘Ana (I), ‘Abadan (never) , ‘KAtaba (he wrote)

19. Rules of stress placement in Arabic 3. A multi-syllable word takes the primary stress on the last syllable if it is long irrespective of whether the preceding syllables are long or short, e.g. yaktubu:n(they write),tawu:s(peacock), murasilu:n(reporters) 4. If the last syllable is not long, the primary stress falls on the last long syllable in the word: Katib (writer), ihtimamahu (his interest)

20. Rules of sentence stress placement in Arabic 5. Inversion of subject and predicate مبتدأ وخبر seems to change the words on which the stress falls but not the stress pattern, which is on the final word, e.g. ar-rajul fi-l-bayt fi-l-bayti rajul 6. The definite article (‘al ال) is never stressed and is quite assimilated with the following consonant ar-rajul , ash-shams

21. Rules of sentence stress placement in Arabic 7. With the possessive case الاضافة the main stress falls on the second element, e.g. baytu ar-rajul , kitabu-l- bint Like English, Arabic sentence stress shifts when emphasizing a certain word in a sentence: • ’sami wajada muna /(sami found muna) • sami ‘wajada muna /(sami found muna) • sami wajada ‘muna /(sami found muna)

22. Some difficulties Arab learners face • Misplacement of stress, especially in two or more syllable words, e.g. SAtified becomes satisFIED , phoTOgrapher becomes PHOtographer 2. Confusion of some pairs of words, e.g. export (n) , export (v); conduct (n), conduct (v) 3. Failure to adopt the stress-timed rhythm of English whereby all words are stressed irrespective of their importance, context and nature, /hi: went tɔ ðə mærket / becomes /hi: went tu: ðæ mærket /

23. Some difficulties Arab learners face 4- Failure to adopt the weak vowels in connected speech, especially vowel reduction for unstressed syllables which become /ə/. Arabic vowels tend to retain its full value and Arab learners retain this habit in English pronunciation: /ənætəmi/ becomes / ænætɒmi / Today I want to show you the anatomy of a horse