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Understanding Transient Astronomical Phenomena: Insights from the Study of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Supernovae

This document explores the fascinating realm of transient astronomical phenomena, particularly focusing on gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and supernovae. Collaborators from Caltech, including Eran Ofek and Shri Kulkarni, present ongoing research into the characteristics and origins of these events. The study emphasizes individual transient events, detailing specific cases such as M85 OT 2006-1 and SN 2006gy. The document also discusses future observational strategies with advanced technology like the LSST, aiming to unveil the mysteries behind these rare and powerful cosmic occurrences.

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Understanding Transient Astronomical Phenomena: Insights from the Study of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Supernovae

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  1. The Transient Sky Eran Ofek CALTECH Collaborators: Shri Kulkarni Arne Rau Mansi Kasliwal Brian Cameron Avishay Gal-Yam Dale Frail

  2. Talk Layout Transients along the EM radiation Motivation & the future Ongoing searches Individual transients Kulkarni, Ofek et al. (2006) Rau et al. (2006) Ofek et al. in prep M85 OT 2006-1 SDSS-SN15207 Kasliwal, Ofek et al. in prep. SN2006gy Ofek et al. (2006d)

  3. Transients along the EM (g-rays) Gamma rays Classical long-GRBs Massive stars Low-energy long-GRBs NS mergers? Short GRBs Neutron Stars (NS) Soft g-rays repeaters ?

  4. Transients along the EM (g-rays) Gamma rays Classical long-GRBs Massive stars Low-energy long-GRBs NS mergers? Short GRBs Neutron Stars (NS) Soft g-rays repeaters ?

  5. Transients along the EM (g-rays) Ofek et al. (2006c) Z=0.09 Progenitor age<10Myr

  6. Transients along the EM (g-rays) Gamma rays Classical long-GRBs Massive stars Low-energy long-GRBs NS mergers? Short GRBs Soft g-rays repeaters Neutron Stars (NS) ?

  7. Transients along the EM (l~cm) Radio Searching for radio transients Levinson, Ofek et al. (2002) Gal-Yam, Ofek et al. (2006) Future: ATA SKA

  8. Transients along the EM (l~cm) VLA J172059+38

  9. VLA J121550+13 in NGC 4216

  10. Transients along the EM X-rays XMM (Esquej et al. 2006) Ultra Violet GALEX (Welsh et al. 2005) AKARI – ASTRO-F Infra-red Visible … However, usually focused on specific classes…

  11. Motivation Pecuiler members of known families Test models Standard candles systematic New rare kind of transients

  12. Summary of physical motivation

  13. (Technological) Motivation - LSST

  14. About LSST 8.4m mirror 6.5m effective diameter

  15. About LSST

  16. LSST details 3 Gpixel camera Field of view = 9.65 sq. deg 6 filters: ugrizY 15s exposures, 2s readout, 5sec slow ~5000 sq. deg. per night First light: 2013, Cerro Pachon

  17. LSST products 15 TB nightly 7 PB yearly Computing power is not available today…

  18. LSST science products u 24.3 g 26.5 r 27.8 i 26.6 z 25.5 Y 24.7 Single image: ~24 mag Static sky Absolute: 50 mas Astrometry Relative: 10 mas ~1min transients alert Sky for everyone - No proprietary period!

  19. Back to the present (Our) ongoing searches Palomar 5m MPG 2.2m LCO 2.5m Nearby clusters Fornax, Perseus SDSS-II Palomar robotic 60” Follow up cadence improving Palomar 48” (10 sq. deg) Nearby galaxies survey Palomar robotic 60”

  20. Another strategy…

  21. Individual transients In the past year: Follow-up of 6 “weird” transients Examples: Kulkarni, Ofek et al. (2006) Rau et al. (2006) Ofek et al. in prep M85 OT 2006-1 SDSS-SN15207 Kasliwal, Ofek et al. in prep. SN2006gy Ofek et al. (2006d)

  22. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1 Kulkarni, Ofek et al. (2006), Rau et al. (2006), Ofek et al. in prep

  23. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1

  24. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1

  25. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1

  26. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1 Late time Spitzer observation

  27. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1 Late time Spitzer observation

  28. …like: M31-RV & V838 Mon M85 Optical Transient 2006-1 Green to red color evolution 60 day platue Peak abs. mag R~-13 E~1047 erg (in 3 months) Expansion velocity ~300 km/s Cool black-body at late time

  29. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1 Comparison with other types of transients

  30. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1 Searching for his brothers

  31. M85 Optical Transient 2006-1 Searching for his brothers in nearby galaxies…

  32. SDSS-15207

  33. SDSS-15207

  34. SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006)

  35. SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006) ~50 days rise time ~2 mag extinction Ha line Type-IIn supernova (SN) Abs mag @ peak ~-22 AGN - Prieto et al. (2006)

  36. Ofek et al. (2006) SN 2006gy FWHM ~0.”1 Nucleus SN Dust lane

  37. SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006)

  38. SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006)

  39. SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006) Chandra (PI: Pooley) XRT – no detection VLA – no detection

  40. SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006) Hybrid IIn/Ia SN (Type-IIa) Abs V-mag Rise time [d] Environment Name SN 2002ic -20.1 ~20 late type galaxy SN 2005gj -20.4 ~55 blue Irr. MB~-17 SN 1997cy -20.1 <30 blue LSB MB~-17.7 SN 1999E <-19.5 <140 MB~-15 spiral SN 2006gy -22.2 ~50 S0 galaxy

  41. energy Total radiated energy ~1.2x1051 erg during 2 months Type-Ia SN features in spectra Assuming SN2006gy is a type-Ia SN kinetic energy of a Ia SN (~1-2x1051 erg) radiation SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006)

  42. Mass-loss rate ~10-2 M /yr SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006) Assuming SN2006gy is a type-Ia SN kinetic energy of a Ia SN (~1-2x1051 erg) radiation Requires: Over ~100yr Common envelope? (Livio & Riess 2003)

  43. Summary LSST era is almost here ~2012 First year – listening mode: Out of 6 targets: The “known”: 1 LBV(?), 2+1(?) dwarf novae M85 OT 2006-1 The “known unknown”: SN 2006gy The “unknown unknown” Still waiting…

  44. End

  45. Transients along the EM (g-rays) Ofek (2006b); Ofek et al. (2006a) Extragalactic SGRs

  46. SN 2006gy Ofek et al. (2006) Summary Peak absolute V-band magnitude ~-22.2 Total radiated energy ~1.2x1051 erg during 2 months Type-Ia SN features in spectra

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