LICIT AND ILLICIT DRUGS

1. LICIT AND ILLICIT DRUGS USE, MISUSE, AND ABUSE UNIT 5

2. Drug Dynamics Drugs work because they physically resemble the chemicals naturally produced with in the body Drugs affect our physical functions by mimicking these natural chemicals in our body. ex. Painkillers resemble endorphins RECEPTOR SITE THEORY Drugs bind to specific receptor sites in the body These sites are specialized cells. (because of their size, shape, electrical charge, and chemical properties, drugs can attach themselves. Most drugs attach themselves to multiple receptors ex. Heart and Circulatory system, liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, and gonads(testicles or ovaries)

3. TYPES OF DRUGS 6 TYPES OF DRUGS PRESCRIPTION DRUGS- those that can only be obtained through a written prescription. ( More than 10,000 different types of prescription drugs are sold in the U.S. costing over 200 billion a year.) OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS- can be purchased without a prescription. (There are more than 300,000 OTC’s, with an annual cost of 20 billion.) 3 OUT OF 4 PEOPLE ROUTINELY MEDICATE THEMSELVES RECREATIONAL DRUGS- drugs used to help a person relax or socialize. ex. Alcohol, Tea, Coffee, Tobacco, Chocolate

4. TYPES OF DRUGS CONT. . . . HERBAL PREPARATIONS- Approximately 750 substances are herbal teas and other products of botanical(plant) origin that are believed to have medicinal purposes. ILLICIT DRUGS- these are the most notorious type of drugs. Generally, recognized as harmful. All are PSYCHOACTIVE (have the potential to alter mood or behavior) COMMERCIAL DRUGS- Most commonly recognized drugs. There are more than 1,000 of these. ex. Perfumes, cosmetics, household cleaners, paints, glues, inks, dyes, gardening chemicals, pesticides, and industrial by-products.

5. Routes of Administration 7 TYPES OF WAYS TO ADMINISTER DRUGS Oral Ingestion Inhalation Injection Intravenous Injection Inunction Suppositories

6. Routes Cont . . . . Oral Ingestion – through the mouth Inhalation - through the mouth or nose. (sniffing, snorting, or smoking) Injection – introduction via hypodermic needle Intravenous Injection – introduction directly into the vein Inunction – introduction through the skin Suppositories – mixture of drugs and wax made to melt at body temp, and are inserted into the anus or vagina.

7. USING, MISUSING, AND ABUSING DRUG MISUSE – to use a drug for a purpose it was not intended for. This is not to far off from drug abuse. DRUG ABUSE- the excessive use of any drug, that may result in serious harm The misuse and abuse of any drug may lead to addiction. Both risks and benefits are involved in the use of any chemical substance.

8. ADDICTION Use for the purpose of relieving withdrawal symptoms – a series of temporary physical and psychological symptoms that occurs when the addicted person abruptly stops using the drug. Continued use of the drugs despite knowledge of the harm that it causes yourself and others. (Deterioration in work performance, relationships, and social interaction)

9. SIGNS OF ADDICTION Addictions are characterized by four common symptoms; Compulsion- excessive need to perform the behavior. OBSESSION Loss of Control- the inability to predict reliability whether any isolated occurrence of the behavior will be healthy or damaging. Negative Consequence- physical damage, legal trouble, financial problems, academic failure, or family dissolution.

10. SIGNS CONT. . . DENIAL- the inability to perceive that the behavior is self-destructive. THESE FOUR COMPENENTS OR PRESENT IN ALL ADDICTIONS, WHETHER CHEMICAL OR BEHAVIORAL.

11. PRESCRIPTION DRUGS TYPES ANTIBIOTICS- used to fight bacterial infections CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS- are sedative or hypnotic medications commonly used to treat anxiety. 2 types ( Benzodiazepines, Antidepressants) Benzodiazepines- (valium, ativan, xanax) Relieve anxiety, relax the body, and induce sleep. Antidepressants- (prozac, zoloft, paxil) used to treat clinically diadnosed depression.

12. OTC- OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS Over the counter drugs we use to treat a self-diagnosis and self medication. How do prescription drugs become OTC? 1. must be a prescription for at least 3 years 2. the amount of use must have been high through its time as a prescription 3. adverse drug effects are not alarming

13. TYPES OF OTC’S ANALGESICS- Pain Relievers (Advil, Motrin, Tylenol, Acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen. PROSTAGLANDIN INHIBITORS-inhibit the production and release of prostaglandins, hormone like substances associated with arthritis or menstrual pain. COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, AND ASTHMA RELIEVERS SLEEPING AIDS, DIETING AIDS(laxatives, diuretics)

14. OTC’S CONT. . . RULES FOR TAKING OTC’S Always know what you are taking Know the effects, both desired and undesired Read the warnings and cautions Don’t use anything for more than 1 or 2 weeks Be extremely careful if you are taking prescription drugs, so they don’t interact. Questions, ask your pharmacist IF YOU DON’T NEED IT, DON’T TAKE IT

15. ILLICIT DRUGS DRUGS THAT ARE ILLEGAL TO POSSESS, PRODUCE, OR SELL. ILLICIT DRUG USE SPANS ALL AGE GROUPS1 Age groups, occupations, ethnicities, and socio-economic groups. College Students- 52 % have tried a type of drug. Over 1/3 have smoked pot in the last year 20% have done it in the last month

16. ILLICIT DRUGS CONTI. . . . DRUGS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE SCHEDULES Highest potential for abuse, no use for medicinal purposes II. III. IV. V. – all have acceptable medical applications, but still present threats to health if they are misused. DRUGS ARE BROKEN UP INTO 7 CATEGORIES

17. 7 CATEGORIES STIMULANTS AMPHETAMINES METHANPHETAMINES HALLUCINOGENS(Pyschedelics) DESIGNER DRUGS INHALANTS STERIODS

18. STIMULANTS COCAINE- a white crystalline powder derived from the leaves of the South American coca shrub. described as one of the most powerful naturally occurring stimulant METHODS OF COCAINE USE Snorting- most common, destroys mucous membrane in the nose, and can destroy the users sense of smell. Can eat a hole in the septum Injection- puts large amounts of cocaine in the blood, for almost an instant euphoria. Risks include AIDS, Hepatitis, Inflamed Arteries, Skin Infections, Infection of the lining of the heart.

19. STIMULANTS CONT. . . . AMPHETAMINES- a large and varied group of synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system. Sleep Patterns (Insomnia), heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, restlessness, anxiety, appetite suppression, and vision problems. METHAMPHETAMINES- a powerfully addictive drug that strongly activates certain areas of the brain and affects the central nervous system. METHODS OF USE- can be: snorted, injected, smoked, orally injested. SIDE AFFECTS- dependency, psychosis, paranoia, aggression, weight loss, stroke

20. STIMULANTS CONT. . . . MARIJUANA- chopped leaves and flowers of the Cannabis indica or Cannibus sativa plant (hemp); a psychoactive stimulant that intensifies reactions to environmental stimuli. 1 in every 12 Americans over the age of 12 has tried it once 12 million Americans have used it 1 million can not control their use Effects Smoking one joint is the same as smoking 3 cigarettes Transfers carbon monoxide to bloodstream Diminishes oxygen in the bloodstream (heart works harder) Higher levels of tar in the marijuana cigarettes Memory Loss Suppression of the immune system

21. OPIATES Cause drowsiness, relieves pain, and induces euphoria. Also called NARCOTICS. (Includes morphine, codeine, heroin, and black tar heroin) EFFECTS Powerful depressants of the nervous system Lower heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure Weakness, Dizziness, Nausea, Vomiting, Euphoria, Decrease Sex drive Lack of Coordination

22. HALLUCINOGENS Hallucinogens- are substances that are capable of creating auditory and visual hallucinations. Also known as “PSYCHODELICS” Types: LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin, and PCP Effects: Alter effects of feelings, perceptions, and thoughts. ALL ARE ILLEGAL AND CARRY SEVERE PENALTIES FOR MANUFACTURE, POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, OR SALE.

23. LSD LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE Originally used to remember suppressed traumas. 2 percent of college students have used it in the last year. LSD is one of the most powerful drugs. Strong Effects can be felt from just 20 micrograms. ( a stamp weighs 60,000 micrograms) EFFECTS: increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure and temperature, goose flesh, increased reflex speeds, muscle tremors and twitches, perspiration, increased salivation, chills, headaches, and mild nausea.

24. PCP PHENCYCLIDINE Originally used as a dissociative anesthetic. Used to keep patients eyes open and conscious, but feel no pain. EFFECTS: fever, salivation, nausea, vomiting, total loss of pain.

25. DESIGNER DRUGS Are synthetic drugs that produce effects similar to existing illegal drugs. Manufactured in chemical laboratories and homes and sold illegally. Also called club drugs. Include Ecstasy, GHB, Special K. (DATE RAPE)

26. INHALANTS Chemicals that produce vapors that, when inhaled, can cause hallucinations, and create intoxicating effects like euphoria. Rubber Cement, Model Glue, Paint Thinner, Lighter Fluid, Varnish, Wax, Spot Removers, and Gasoline.

27. STEROIDS Anabolic Steroids are artificial testosterone hormones that produce muscle growth and strength 17-20 percent of college athletes use them. Two Forms: Injectable and Pills EFFECTS: Mood Swings “roid rage”, acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, kidney disease, immune system disturbances.