Introduction to Medical Terminology: Learning the Basics

1. NURS 1103 or HLSC 2613 Medical Terminology

2. Learning Terminology Learning Terminology

3. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL LANGUAGE (ML) Dr. Mohammed Qasim Baghdad College of Medicine

4. Main Objective:Learn Medical Terminology • New students to Medical Terminology often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation. • Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin

5. Medical TerminologyMispronunciations • Artery - The study of fine paintings. • Benign - What you are after you be eight. • Coma - A punctuation mark. • Morbid - A higher offer. • Urine - opposite of you’re out. • Tablet - A small table.

6. Course Objectives • Apply basic principles of medical word building. • Correctly pronounce medical terms. • Define common medical terms. • Relate common medical terms to human anatomy and physiology; common disease states, pharmacological categories and diagnostic tests. • Identify the medical terminology in medical record reports.

7. A Busy Course! • Are you feeling like a lot of information is about to come your way? • The answer is YES.

8. Now, lets begin Lecture 1 Basic Elements of Medical Word

9. Medical Dictionary Use Look Up Unfamiliar Terms

10. Building Medical Terms Building Medical Terms Word Root Prefix Suffix Combining forms

11. Forming Medical Terms Medical Term Word root Suffix Prefix Combining forms

12. Word Roots (WR) • Usually derived form Greek or Latin • Frequently indicates a body part • Most medical terms have one or more word roots

13. Examples of Word Roods

14. Combining Forms (CF) • Combining Form (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually an “o” • Usually indicates a body part

15. Combining Forms Examples • Cardi/ + o = cardi/o heart • gastr/ + o = gastr/o stomach • hepat/ + o = hepat/o liver • nephr/ + o = nephr/o kidney • oste/ + o = oste/o bone

16. Suffixes • Word Ending • Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech • Usually derived from Greek or Latin

17. Examples of Suffix • Arthr/o -centesis Arthrocentesisjoint puncture puncture of a joint • throac/o -tomy Thoracotomychest incision incision of the chest • gastr/o -megaly Gastromegalystomach enlargement enlargement of the stomach

18. Prefixes • Word element located at the beginning of a word • Changes the meaning of the word • Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negation

19. Examples of Prefix • A- mast -ia without breast condition • hyper- therm -ia excessive heat condition • intra- muscul -ar in muscle relating to

20. Basic Rule One • A WR (word root) is used before a suffix that begins with a vowel.Scler/ + osis = sclerosis

21. Basic Rule Two • A combining vowel is used to link a WR to a suffix that begins with a consonant and to link a WR to another WR to form a compound wordcolon/o + scope = colonscopeosteo/ o/ chondr/ itis = osteochondritis

22. Defining Medical Words • First, define the suffix or ending • Second, define the prefix, or beginning • Third, define the middle

23. Word Roots and Combining Forms [CYT(O)] cell right thirst back red sensation, perception Word Roots and Combining Forms Combining Forms Meaning cyt(o) dextr(o) dips(o) dors(o) erythr(o) esthesio

24. Word Roots and Combining Forms milk glucose old age sugars women same movement Combining Forms Meaning galact(o) gluco gero glyco gyn(o) home(o) kin(o)

25. motion milk white stone smaller; less sleep; numbness death; dying Word Roots and Combining Forms Combining Forms Meaning kinesi(o) lact(o) leuk(o) lith(o) mio narco necro

26. Word Roots and Combining Forms [NOCT(O)] night tumor disease eating sound; voice false pus Word Roots and Combining Forms Combining Forms Meaning noct(i) oncho path(o) phago phon(o) pseud(o) pyo

27. Word Roots and Combining Forms [PYRO] fever tube split; division hardening crooked; bent body breath; breathe Word Roots and Combining Forms Combining Forms Meaning pyro salping(o) schiz(o) scler(o) scolio somato spiro

28. Word Roots and Combining Forms [TEL(O)] distant; end; complete tension; pressure food; nutrition yellow stranger dry Word Roots and Combining Forms Combining Forms Meaning tel(o) tono tropho xanth(o) xeno Xer(o)

29. Prefixes Suffix Word Root Prefix Prefixes • Prefixes are attached to the beginning of words. • Modifies the meaning of the word or word root. • Indicates size, quantity, position of, and location.

30. Prefixes (a–aut) without away from up, toward before against self Prefixes Prefix Meaning a ab ana ante anti aut(0)

31. Prefixes (brachy–hypo) short slow against abnormal; difficult half above normal below normal Prefixes Prefix Meaning brachy brady contra dys hemi hyper hypo

32. Prefixes (inter–peri) between equal; same bad; inadequate after small few; little; scanty around; about; near Prefixes Meaning Prefix inter iso mal meta micr(o) olig(o) peri

33. Prefixes (pro–un) before; forward again; backward behind; backward half above; over fast not Prefixes Prefix Meaning pro re retro semi supra tachy un

34. Suffixes Suffix Word Root Prefix Suffixes • Attaches to the end of the word and carries the underlying meaning of the word. • Suffixes can also be combining forms.

35. Suffixes (ad–crine) toward pain weakness immature; forming destroying; killing breaking secreting Suffixes Suffix Meaning -ad -algia -asthenia -blast -cidal -clast -crine

36. Suffixes (crit–ectomy) separate cell condition of cells skin pain expanding; dilating removal of Suffixes Suffix Meaning -crit -cyte -cytosis -derma -dynia -ectasis -ectomy

37. Suffixes (emesis–graphy) vomiting blood sensation protein a recording recording instrument process of recording Suffixes Suffix Meaning -emesis -emia -esthesia -globin -gram -graph -graphy

38. Suffixes (ic–malacia) pertaining to condition; disease inflammation movement one who practices destruction of softening Suffixes Suffix Meaning -ic -ism -itis -kinesia -logist -lysis -malacia

39. Suffixes (mania-pathy) obsession enlargement like; resembling vision opening bearing disease Suffixes Suffix Meaning -mania -megaly -oid -opia -ostomy -para -pathy

40. Suffixes (penia-phrenia) deficiency digestion fixation eating; devouring fear sound of the mind Suffixes Suffix Meaning -penia -pepsia -pexy -phage -phobia -phonia -phrenia

41. Suffixes (phylaxis-rrhaphy) protection surgical repair paralysis breath falling down; drooping heavy discharge surgical suturing Suffixes Suffix Meaning -phylaxis -plasty -plegia -pnea -ptosis -rrhagia -rrhaphy

42. Suffixes (rrhexis-tropia) rupture contraction stopping; constant narrowing cutting operation nutrition turning Suffixes Suffix Meaning -rrhexis -spasm -stasis -stenosis -tomy -trophy -tropia

43. Pluralizing Terms Rules • Add s to words ending in any vowel or consonant except s,x,z, or y (ex. joint- joints) • Add es to words ending in s,x, or z (ex. reflex - reflexes)

44. Pluralizing Terms Rules Cont’d • Remove x and add `ces to Latin words ending in x (ex. appendix - appendices) • Remove the `y and add `ies to words ending in `y preceded by a consonant (ex. mastectomy- mastectomies)

45. Pluralizing Terms Rules Cont’d • When an ending `y is preceded by a vowel, the usual plural suffix is `s (ex. boy - boys) • Add `e to Latin terms ending in a (ex. lamina - laminae)

46. Pluralizing Terms Rules Cont’d • Remove `us and add `i to Latin words ending in us (ex. bacillus- bacilli) • Change `sis to `ses in Greek words ending in sis (ex. psychosis - psychoses)

47. Pluralizing Terms Rules Cont’d • Remove `on from and add `a to Greek words ending in `on (ex. criterion - criteria) • Remove `um from and add `a to Latin words ending in um (ex. diverticulum - diverticula)

48. Latin Greek Singular Plural Singular Plural Pluralizing Rules • fossa fossae • datum data • radix radices • neurosis neuroses • ganglion ganglia • calyx calyces