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The Cold War: 1945-1990

The Cold War: 1945-1990. The World after World War Two. The Ideological Struggle. Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]. US & the Western Democracies. GOAL  spread world-wide Communism.

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The Cold War: 1945-1990

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  1. The Cold War:1945-1990

  2. The World after World War Two

  3. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL spread world-wide Communism GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  4. Cold War • What is the Cold War? A state of political tension and military rivalry between nations that stops short of full-scale war, especially that which existed between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. A state of rivalry and tension between two factions, groups, or individuals that stops short of open, violent confrontation.

  5. Yalta Conference: • Who:Churchill (Britain), Stalin (Russia) and Roosevelt (USA). • Why:To divide up Europe after World War Two. • What: • Germany and Berlin are divided into zones of influence. • Free elections in East Europe. • United Nations set up. • Joint government in Poland.

  6. Potsdam Conference: • Who: Atlee/Churchill (Britain), Stalin (Russia) and Truman (USA). • Why:Chance for new leaders to meet and resolve final differences. • What: • Strict control of Germany • War criminal trials • Reparations for Russia. • Soviet influence in Poland

  7. The Occupation of Germany

  8. New Borders

  9. Salami Tactics: • This was the slow process Stalin of taking power in Eastern Europe by removing any opposition. • Tactics used were intimidation, vote rigging and in some cases murder. • Countries affected were: Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia and East Germany.

  10. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

  11. Truman Doctrine [1947] • Threat of more communist expansion into Europe. Civil War in Greece between communists and capitalists. • A policy to stop the spread of communism by giving support to anti communist movements in threatened regions. • The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. • The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

  12. Marshall Plan [1948] • “European Recovery Program.” • Secretary of State, George Marshall planned it. • The U. S. would provide aid to all European nations that needed it. This move was designed to reduce desperation and limit the spread of communism. • $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

  13. Post-War Germany

  14. Berlin Airlift Stalin began a blockade of Berlin on June 24, 1948 From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift supplies. Eventually Stalin backed down as he looked like the ‘bad guy’.

  15. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  16. The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?” • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

  17. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation • 4 April 1949: 12 nations signed an agreement to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • An armed attack against one member would be an attack against all. • NATO would maintain a standing military in Europe. • It was created in response to the Berlin Blockade.

  18. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

  19. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

  20. Who do you think was to blame for the Cold War? Discuss briefly in a group for four minutes. AND Write a short paragraph explaining why you believe they are to blame.

  21. Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956 De-Stalinization Program

  22. Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China? – A 2nd}Power!

  23. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) “Domino Theory” Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee

  24. The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister • Promised free elections. • This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.

  25. U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

  26. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) CheckpointCharlie

  27. Ich bin ein Berliner!(1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

  28. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

  29. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

  30. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  31. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

  32. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  33. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

  34. “Prague Spring” (1968) Former Czech President, Alexander Dubček Communism with a human face!

  35. The ‘Detente’ Years • The 1970’s and 1980’s are a relatively peaceful period of the Cold War. • The battles are - economic - espionage • Governments are overthrown with indirect help from USA and USSR.

  36. The End of the Cold War • USSR was beginning to realise that it couldn’t continue to compete financially with America. • Mikhail Gorbachev dismantles the USSR under the policies of perestroika and glasnost.

  37. Gorbahev Policies: • Perestroika: • The economic and political restructuring of the Soviet Communist Party. • Glasnost: • - The policy of openness, Allowing information to be freely available

  38. The fall of the Berlin Wall. The symbolic end to the Cold War.

  39. The End • Gorbachev’s policies create a new freedom and awareness in the USSR. • The Russian economy can no longer pay for the huge cost of it’s military. • One by one each of the soviet satellite states break away from the USSR.

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