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The Vietnam War (1954-1975)

The Vietnam War (1954-1975). Honors United States History 20.1. Indochina. A History of Foreign Rulers. China ruled Vietnam for 2,000 years Bring Buddhism, language, and rice France took over in the 1800s Catholicism, plantations, education, and infrastructure

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The Vietnam War (1954-1975)

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  1. The Vietnam War (1954-1975) Honors United States History 20.1

  2. Indochina

  3. A History of Foreign Rulers • China ruled Vietnam for 2,000 years • Bring Buddhism, language, and rice • France took over in the 1800s • Catholicism, plantations, education, and infrastructure • Indochina became one of France’s most lucrative possessions • Rice – North; Rubber – South; Coal, Tin, and Zinc from mines • Workers known as “coolies” – Asian laborers

  4. Ho Chi Minh and the World Wars • After WWI – Ho Chi Minh wanted to model a system of US system • Wilson refused aid • WWII – Japan’s GEACPS • Ho and his VIET MINH - organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from the French - spied and carried out guerilla warfare for the Allies • Wants US help again but now a Communist

  5. Stuck Between Scylla and Charybdis • France wants control back after WWII • US is anti-colonial but…is needs anticommunist forces in Europe

  6. Truman has to choose… • Mao’s PRC (1949) forces the US to France • Pays 80% of the French bill and takes French troops to Vietnam • Eisenhower comes to power • Continues Truman’s policies to prevent his DOMINO THEORY – if Vietnam falls to Communism all its closest allies would follow

  7. War Continues Indochina • French victory • Initial military success • Gained control of Saigon • Viet Minh heavily outnumbered the French but could not get weapons or munitions • Placed Bao Dai as ruler • Catholic, seen as puppet • Tried to seem pro-Vietnamese, anti-communist, anti-colonial • Ho is gaining support throughout Vietnam • Created Vietnamese National Army (VNA)

  8. Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Accords • 1954 – French lose at Dien Bien Phu garrison to the Viet Minh • US sends no soldiers, just money • Geneva Accords • Granted independence for Indochina • Peace treaty divided Vietnam at 17th parallel • Ho’s Communists in the North and anticommunist gov’t in South • 1956 – election to reunite Vietnam

  9. Chaos Followed the Accords • Refugees • 900,000 Catholics move to South Vietnam • 80,000 Communists move North • Eisenhower sends 900 army trainers to help the VNA (Vietnamese National Army) • S. Vietnam now under Ngo Dihn Diem

  10. US and S. Vietnam Rethink Geneva • 1954 – SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) formed to stop Asian Communism • US funds S. Vietnam • Diem losing support • Catholic, persecuted Buddhists • Ho winning more supporters in S. Vietnam… • CIA recognizes Diem will lose to Ho in 1956 election • Diem pulled out

  11. Civil War Breaks Out! • 1957 – National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) form in S. Vietnam • Assassinated South officials, blow up infrastruction, guerilla style warfare • Undermined Diem’s gov’t • Supplied by the North Vietnamese Army (Viet Minh)

  12. JFK Intervenes • After Bay of Pigs in 1961 • Sent in 16,000 special forces troop “advisors” and 675 trainers for Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)

  13. Dissatisfaction with Diem • Repressive, torturous dictator • Diem’s family holds all power, elites hold the wealth • STRATEGIC HAMLET PROGRAM – contain potential communists in walled towns • Buddhist peasants angry as removed from ancestral lands • US keeps him in power

  14. Early Protests of Diem’s Government

  15. US Offs Diem • JFK plots with anti-Diem generals in coup • 2 Nov 1963 – Diem is killed • Succession of leaders • Nguyen Cao Ki (ran with Thieu) • Then Nguyen Van Thieutook over when Ki retires

  16. LBJ Amps Up JFK’s Approach • Vows not to lose Vietnam in the same we we “lost” China, N. Korea, and Cuba

  17. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident • Aug 1964 – N. Vietnamese ship attacked USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • A Blank Check • Gives LBJ the power to send troops into combat without Congress

  18. LBJ Sends in Ground Forces • China is still on LBJ’s mind • “I’m not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.” – Lyndon Johnson • Advised to make the move by SoS Robert McNamara

  19. Air Strikes Begin Against N. Vietnam • Broadens US involvement – the war begins for the US • US troops now directly engaged against North Vietnamese troops and the Viet Cong (VC)

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