The French Revolution and Napoleon

1. The French Revolution and Napoleon Chapter 20 Miss Isler World History I

2. Section 1- Essential Question • What were the major factors of the French state that led to the French Revolution?

3. The Old Regime • Estates= social classes • First Estate= Roman Catholic Clergy • Second Estate= nobles • Third Estate= commoners • All three estates met as the Estates General- think Parliament

4. First Estate • Catholic Church held 10% of all land in France • Higher in the church, wealthier • Regular French Priests had no money • Paid no direct taxes to the government. Instead, gave government about 2% of their income as a “free gift”

5. Second Estate • Nobles made up less than 2% of France’s population • Owned 20% of land • Held highest jobs- government, courts of law, army, etc. • Refused to pay taxes

6. Third Estate • 98% of France • Within the Third Estate: • Bourgeoisie- city middle class; lawyers, doctors, merchants, bankers, shopkeepers. Educated, believed in Enlightenment ideals. As rich as nobles, but treated like peasants • Urban lower class; butchers, peddlers, cooks, servants; • Peasant farmers; 4/5th of France’s population; paid half of their income in taxes. Had to also pay in work- work without pay for the government • Most people ate 3 pounds of bread a day, nothing else- if cost of bread rose, hungry mobs attacked sellers of bread

7. Louis XVI was a Weak Ruler • Indecisive • Wife- Marie Antoinette • Married when they were 15, 14 • Louis in debt- borrowed to help American revolution • Avoided bankruptcy by taxing the nobles, but nobles refused to pay unless the king called a meeting of the Estates General, which had not met since 1614

8. Marie Antoinette • Marie Antoinette immediately disliked by people of France because her mother was Maria Theresa of Austria- France’s longtime enemy • Unpopular due to her habit of spending while the rest of France went hungry • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLJ1vuUWprA

9. The National Assembly Took Power • First and Second Estates had run the General Estates in the past and their votes counted more than the Third Estate- Third Estate hoped this would change now • King sided with the Nobles- so Third Estates not happy • Third Estate changed its name, now National Assembly- said end to absolute monarchy and beginning of representative government • Beginning of the Revolution

10. Parisians Storm the Bastille • Louis XVI tried to make peace with the National Assembly (Third Estate)- brought Swiss troops to help him • At same time, bread price increased- riots in Paris Mobs stormed the Bastille in order to gain gunpowder to defend themselves against the Monarchy and the Swiss Troops

11. Bastille Importance • Militarily- forced Louis to give up his plan of bringing his foreign troops into the city • Politically- reduced the king’s power and saved the National Assembly • July 14- day of “Independence” in France

12. Great Feat Swept France • Rumors of a plot against common people spread • Wave of panic- Great Fear- swept and people banded together • In Bands, people ransacked houses and burned legal papers saying peasants had to pay feudal taxes • October 1789- Parisian women rioted over price of bread • Marched to Versailles • Forced the Monarchs to move to Paris- they never saw Versailles again

13. Quick Write • What were the major factors of the French state that led to the French Revolution?

14. Section 2- Essential Question • How did the French Revolution bring both reform and terror to the people of France?

15. The Assembly Adopted Many Reforms • National Assembly voted to end feudalism, serfdom, church tithes, and special privileges of nobles and clergy

16. The Rights of Man • Declaration of the Rights of Man • National Assembly’s set of revolutionary ideas • “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” • King against it • Activity

17. Limited Monarchy • National Assembly created a constitutional monarchy, where an elected assembly held lawmaking power • King and his ministers still held executive power • Catholic Church lost its land and political independence • National Assembly stepped down, in came the Legislative Assembly

18. France was Split by Factions • Legislative Assembly split into 3 groups- all sit together, not much communication with all 3 • Conservative (sat on the right in the Assembly)- did not want change, liked the king. Wanted a return to the Old Regime • Moderates- • Radicals (sat on the left in the Assembly)- more changes, hated the king

19. France at War • At war with Austria at same time • Enemy armies advanced to Paris • Prussian army (enemy) threatened to destroy France if Revolutionaries harmed any member of the royal family • This statement provoked the mob in Paris • 70,000 people surged into Paris and imprisoned Louis and Marie Antoinette

20. Louis XVI Executed • New government- National Convention (took over for Legislative Assembly) • Jacobins- club that wanted to remove the king and establish a republic • Leaders were Marat and Danton • Wanted a more violet revolution • National Convention: • abolished the monarchy • Established a republic • All men could vote/hold office. Women could not • Executed by the guillotine

21. Robespierre • Jacobin leader • Ruled as a dictator- accusers of treason were tried in the morning, guillotined in the afternoon • His term was called “The Reign of Terror” • Marie Antoinette died under his rule • Killed revolutionaries for not being radical enough • At least 3,000 people killed, some think 40,000

22. Robespierre fell from Power • Those who feared him went against him • Within 2 days he was on the guillotine • Moderates of the National Convention were tired of the Terror- needed more stability • Drafted a new constitution, made a legislative body known as the Directory • Directory found someone to run the army- Napoleon Bonaparte

23. Quick Write • How did the French Revolution bring both reform and terror to the people of France?

24. Section 3- Essential Question • How was Napoleon able to conquer Europe?

25. Napoleon Rose Through the Army and France • Called Savior of the French Republic for protecting the National Convention from violent royalists • Gained national recognition by 1790s • The Directory was losing power by 1799, and gave their power to Bonaparte and 2 others • Bonaparte assumed dictatorial powers as the First Consul of the French Republic- seizure of power known as a coup- “stroke of state”

26. Napoleon the Emperor • Pretended to be the constitutionally chosen leader of a free republic • Asked the people to approve a new constitution- held a plebiscite- an election in which all citizens vote yes or no • Showed that the people wanted stability in power • In 1802 another plebiscite made him First Consul for life • 1804 Napoleon made himself Emperor

27. Napoleon Restored Order • French Republic dead because he is Emperor • Slowed inflation by balancing the government’s budget and setting up a national bank • Promoted people according to merit, not according to family- made bourgeoisie happy • Recognized Catholicism as France’s religion • But everyone free to worship as they pleased

28. Napoleonic Code • Established the three estates of the Old Regime • Granted equal rights before the law to people of all classes • Women could not hold property • Napoleon could censor newspapers • All laws applied to everyone- except Napoleon • Absolute Power

29. Napoleon Extended France’s Power • Wanted to modernize Europe- meaning, everyone follow his rules • Held all of Europe except Britain, Russia, Ottoman Empire, and Sweden • Ended the Holy Roman Empire by forcing the last emperor to step down • French Empire only held together for 5 years (1807-1812)

30. Quick Write • How was Napoleon able to conquer Europe?

31. Section 4- Essential Question • How did Napoleon’s Empire Collapse?

33. Napoleon’s Continental System • Set up a blockade against British trade- did not allow anyone to import/export • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter29/interactive_map_quiz.html • Interactive map of empire

34. Spain • Napoleon made his brother, Joseph, king of Spain • Guerillas- peasant fighters- struck French armies in Spain because of this • Ambushed French troops then fled into hiding • Napoleon could not fight them very well • British aided the Spanish

35. Russia • Czar Alexander I refused to stop selling grain to Britain- Napoleon angered • Napoleon invaded Russia • Scorched-earth policy= Russians burned their land/livestock instead of leaving it for the French • Hurt the French so badly- only 10,000 or originally 400,0000 were able to fight once they turned back home

36. Coalition Defeated Napoleon • Russia, Prussia, and Austria marched into Paris • Napoleon wanted to fight, but general said no • Gave him a pension and exiled, or banished, Napoleon to Elba • He escaped from Elba, and was welcomed back to France by thousands • Within days, Emperor again • Fought the British at the Battle of Waterloo but army too exhausted and lost. Napoleon was a British prisoner and exiled to the South Atlantic

37. Quick Write • How did Napoleon’s Empire Collapse?