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HIV & AIDS

HIV & AIDS. LCHS Mark Ewoldsen, Ph.D. Immunology. Significance of the Immune System. Beneficial Protection from Invaders Elimination of Altered Self Detrimental Discomfort inflammation allergies Damage to self (autoimmunity). 3. Pathogens. Microbes that cause disease

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HIV & AIDS

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  1. HIV & AIDS LCHS Mark Ewoldsen, Ph.D.

  2. Immunology

  3. Significance of the Immune System • Beneficial • Protection from Invaders • Elimination of Altered Self • Detrimental • Discomfort • inflammation • allergies • Damage to self (autoimmunity) 3

  4. Pathogens • Microbes that cause disease • constantly in the environment • evolved to spread in a variety of ways • Four types • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Protozoa

  5. Bacteria Concentrations http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  6. Antigen • Non-self molecule • on the surface of every foreign cell • unique set of characteristics • generally fragments of protein or carbohydrate molecules 6

  7. Balance between Infection and Immunity Infection Immunity

  8. Innate vs Adaptive Innate Antigen independent No time lag Not antigen specific No Immunological memory Adaptive Innate Antigen independent No time lag Not antigen specific No Immunological memory Adaptive 8

  9. Eyes • Tears • wash out pathogens • contain enzyme that can kill bacteria http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  10. Nose • Mucus traps pathogens • swallowed • blown out in coughs and sneezes http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  11. Mouth • Friendly bacteria help to prevent the growth of harmful pathogens • Saliva cleans and removes bacteria. http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  12. Lungs • Mucus in lungs traps • bacteria • fungal spores • Tiny hairs, called cilia move mucus • up to the back of the throat • it is swallowed http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  13. Stomach • Acid helps to sterilize the food http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  14. Skin • Outer layer of skin • dead • difficult for pathogens • grow on • Penetrate • Cuts allow pathogens to gain entry to the body http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  15. Reproductive system • Slightly acid conditions • vagina • urethra • help to stop the growth of pathogens http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  16. Large intestine • Friendly bacteria • stop the growth of harmful pathogens • Feces contains over 30% live bacteria http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/immune/immune3.cfm

  17. Innate vs Adaptive Innate Antigen independent No time lag Not antigen specific No Immunological memory Adaptive Antigen dependent A lag period Antigen specific Development of memory Innate Antigen independent No time lag Not antigen specific No Immunological memory Adaptive Antigen dependent A lag period Antigen specific Development of memory 17

  18. What is HIV? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS.

  19. HIV+ = AIDS A positive HIV test result does not mean that a person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician using certain clinical criteria

  20. I Heard It through the Grapevine AIDS Mythology

  21. Fact or Fiction? You can get AIDS from a mosquito bite

  22. Fact or Fiction? Fiction HIV is not transmitted by insects You can get AIDS from a mosquito bite

  23. Fact or Fiction? You can get AIDS by having oral sex with an infected person

  24. Fact or Fiction? Fact It is possible for either partner to become infected with HIV through performing or receiving oral sex. While no one knows exactly what the degree of risk is, evidence suggests that the risk is less than that of unprotected anal or vaginal sex. You can get AIDS by having oral sex with an infected person

  25. Fact or Fiction? HIV survives well in the environment, so you can get it from toilet seats and door knobs

  26. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Scientists and medical authorities agree that HIV does not survive well in the environment - so forget about those toilet seats! HIV survives well in the environment, so you can get it from toilet seats and door knobs

  27. Fact or Fiction? You can get AIDS by hugging a person with HIV who is sweating

  28. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Contact with saliva, tears, or sweat has never been shown to result in transmission of HIV. You can get AIDS by hugging a person with HIV who is sweating

  29. Fact or Fiction? You can get AIDS by kissing someone who is HIV infected

  30. Fact or Fiction? You can get AIDS by kissing someone who is HIV infected Fiction It would be extremely unlikely to get HIV from kissing, even open-mouth deep kissing. HIV is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk and these fluids are not usually present during kissing.

  31. Fact or Fiction? Condoms are not really effective in preventing HIV transmission

  32. Fact or Fiction? Condoms are not really effective in preventing HIV transmission Fiction • The protection that proper use of latex condoms provides against HIV transmission is most evident from studies of couples in which one member is infected with HIV and the other is not. • In a study of discordant couples in Europe, among 123 couples who reported consistent condom use, none of the uninfected partners became infected. • In contrast, among the 122 couples who used condoms inconsistently, 12 of the uninfected partners became infected

  33. Fact or Fiction? There is a connection between other STDS and HIV infection

  34. Fact or Fiction? Fact Having a sexually transmitted disease (STI) can increase a person's risk of becoming infected with HIV up to 10x There is a connection between other STDS and HIV infection

  35. Fact or Fiction? Patients in a dentist or doctors office are at risk for getting HIV

  36. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Studies of more than 22,000 patients of 63 health care providers who were HIV-infected have found no evidence of transmission from provider to patient in health care settings Patients in a dentist or doctors office are at risk for getting HIV

  37. HIV/AIDS Quick Facts

  38. Global • 33 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS in 2007 • 2.7 million people newly infected with HIV in 2008 • Deaths • more than 27 million lives to date • 2 million people die every year • More than 95% in developing countries

  39. 43

  40. Global • Children living with HIV/AIDS • 2 million, 2008 figures • Most in sub-Saharan Africa • infected by their HIV-positive mothers • childbirth • breastfeeding • Almost 1200 children newly infected each day

  41. Percentage of children under 18 who have lost one or both parents, in countries with HIV prevalence greater than 1 per cent, 2003-2007

  42. Domestic • The U.S. HIV/AIDS epidemic began in 1981 and continues to disproportionately affect minorities, men who have sex with men of all races, women and youth • More than 1 million people in the U.S. currently are living with HIV/AIDS • 21 percent of those infected with HIV are unaware of their infection

  43. Domestic • 1 million affected, with as many as 53,600 new AIDS cases reported each year. • Since the U.S. epidemic began, 565,927 people have died of AIDS

  44. HIV Biology

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