HYPERT ENSI aspek klinis dan patofisiologis

1. HYPERTENSIaspek klinis dan patofisiologis MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ

2. outline • Prevalensi & Definisi • Patogenesis • Faktor risiko • Komplikasi pada berbagai organ • Take home message

4. Definisi • Tekanan darah sistolik(TDS) >=140 mmHg dan/atau • Tekanan darah diastolik(TDD) >=90 mmHg. • Dua atau lebih pemeriksaan pada waktu yang berbeda.

5. Tekanan darah

6. JNC 7

8. Prevalensi laki2 VS Wanita

9. Pengukuran • The equipment should be regularly inspected and validated. • The operator should be trained and regularly retrained. • The patient must be properly prepared and positioned and seated quietly for at least 5 minutes in a chair. • The auscultatory method should be used. • Caffeine, exercise, and smoking should be avoided for at least 30 minutes before BP measurement. • An appropriately sized cuff should be used.

10. Pengukuran • At least two measurements should be made and the average recorded. • Clinicians should provide to patients their specific BP numbers and the BP goal of their treatment.

11. Cara pengukuran

12. Follow-up based on initial BPmeasurements for adults

13. Faktor-faktor yg berpengaruh pada tekanan darah Kaplan, hypertension

14. patogenesis

18. ClassificationKlasifikasi JNV 7

20. Prehypertension • SBP >120 mmHg and <139mmHg and/or • DBP >80 mmHg and <89 mmHg. • Prehypertension is not a disease category rather a designation for individuals at high risk of developing HTN.

21. Pre-hypertension • Individuals who are prehypertensive are not candidates for drug therapy but • Should be firmly and unambiguously advised to practice lifestyle modification • Those with pre-HTN, who also have diabetes or kidney disease, drug therapy is indicated if a trial of lifestyle modification fails to reduce their BP to 130/80 mmHg or less.

22. Isolated Systolic Hypertension • Not distinguished as a separate entity as far as management is concerned. • SBP should be primarily considered during treatment and not just diastolic BP. • Systolic BP is more important cardiovascular risk factor after age 50. • Diastolic BP is more important before age 50.

23. White coat HT HYPERTENSI MASKED HT normotensi

24. Frequency Distribution of Untreated HTN by Age Isolated Systolic HTN Systolic Diastolic HTN Isolated Diastolic HTN

25. Krisis hipertensi • Hypertensive Urgencies: No progressive target-organ dysfunction. (Accelerated Hypertension) • Hypertensive Emergencies: Progressive end-organ dysfunction. (Malignant Hypertension)

26. Hipertensi urgensi • Severe elevated BP in the upper range of stage II hypertension. • Without progressive end-organ dysfunction. • Examples: Highly elevated BP without severe headache, shortness of breath or chest pain. • Usually due to under-controlled HTN.

27. Hipertensi emergensi • Severely elevated BP (>180/120mmHg). • With progressive target organ dysfunction. • Require emergent lowering of BP. • Examples: Severely elevated BP with: Hypertensive encephalopathy Acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema Acute MI or unstable angina pectoris Dissecting aortic aneurysm

28. Primary HTN: also known as essential HTN. accounts for 95% cases of HTN. no universally established cause known. Secondary HTN: less common cause of HTN ( 5%). secondary to other potentially rectifiable causes. Jenis hipertensi

29. Common Intrinsic renal disease Renovascular disease Mineralocorticoid excess Sleep Breathing disorder Uncommon Pheochromocytoma Glucocorticoid excess Coarctation of Aorta Hyper/hypothyroidism Penyebab hipertensi sekunder

30. Hipertensi sekunder • Onset: at age < 30 yrs ( Fibromuscular dysplasi) or > 55 (athelosclerotic renal artery stenosis), sudden onset (thrombus or cholesterol embolism). • Severity: Grade II, unresponsive to treatment. • Episodic, headache and chest pain/palpitation (pheochromocytoma, thyroid dysfunction). • Morbid obesity with history of snoring and daytime sleepiness (sleep disorders)

31. Pemeriksaan fisik • Pallor, edema, other signs of renal disease. • Abdominal bruit especially with a diastolic component (renovascular) • Truncal obesity, purple striae, buffalo hump (hypercortisolism)

32. Pemeriksaan laboratorium • Increased creatinine, abnormal urinalysis ( renovascular and renal parenchymal disease) • Unexplained hypokalemia (hyperaldosteronism) • Impaired blood glucose ( hypercortisolism) • Impaired TFT (Hypo-/hyper- thyroidism)

33. Secondary HTN-Screening Tests

34. Renal Parenchymal Disease • Common cause of secondary HTN (2-5%) • HTN is both cause and consequence of renal disease • Multifactorial cause for HTN including disturbances in Na/water balance, vasodepressors/ prostaglandins imbalance • Renal disease from multiple etiologies.

35. Renovascular HTN • Atherosclerosis 75-90% ( more common in older patients) • Fibromuscular dysplasia 10-25% (more common in young patients, especially females) • Other • Aortic/renal dissection • Takayasu’s arteritis • Thrombotic/cholesterol emboli • CVD • Post transplantation stenosis • Post radiation

36. Complications of Prolonged Uncontrolled HTN • Changes in the vessel wall leading to vessel trauma and arteriosclerosis throughout the vasculature • Complications arise due to the “target organ” dysfunction and ultimately failure. • Damage to the blood vessels can be seen on fundoscopy.

37. Target Organs • CVS (Heart and Blood Vessels) • The kidneys • Nervous system • The Eyes

38. Effects On CVS • Ventricular hypertrophy, dysfunction and failure. • Arrhithymias • Coronary artery disease, Acute MI • Arterial aneurysm, dissection, and rupture.

39. Effects on The Kidneys • Glomerular sclerosis leading to impaired kidney function and finally end stage kidney disease. • Ischemic kidney disease especially when renal artery stenosis is the cause of HTN

40. Nervous System • Stroke, intracerebral and subaracnoid hemorrhage. • Cerebral atrophy and dementia

41. The Eyes • Retinopathy, retinal hemorrhages and impaired vision. • Vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment • Neuropathy of the nerves leading to extraoccular muscle paralysis and dysfunction

42. Retina Normal and Hypertensive Retinopathy A B C NormalRetina HypertensiveRetinopathy A: Hemorrhages B: Exudates (Fatty Deposits) C: Cotton Wool Spots (Micro Strokes)

43. Patient Evaluation Objectives • (1) To assess lifestyle and identify other cardiovascular risk factors or concomitant disorders that may affect prognosis and guide treatment • (2) To reveal identifiable causes of high BP • (3) To assess the presence or absence of target organ damage and CVD

44. Risk factors • Hypertension • Cigarette smoking • Obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) • Physical inactivity • Dyslipidemia • Diabetes mellitus • Microalbuminuria or estimated GFR <60 mL/min • Age (older than 55 for men, 65 for women) • Family history of premature cardiovascular disease (men under age 55 or women under age 65)

45. Identifiable Causes of HTN • Sleep apnea • Drug-induced or related causes • Chronic kidney disease • Primary aldosteronism • Renovascular disease • Chronic steroid therapy and Cushing’s syndrome • Pheochromocytoma • Coarctation of the aorta • Thyroid or parathyroid disease

46. Target Organ Damage • Heart Left ventricular hypertrophy Angina or prior myocardial infarction Prior coronary revascularization Heart failure • Brain Stroke or transient ischemic attack • Chronic kidney disease • Peripheral arterial disease • Retinopathy

47. History • Family history of DM : Patient may also be Diabetic • Cigarette smoker: Aggravate HTN, independently a risk factor for CAD and stroke • High alcohol: A cause of HTN • High salt intake: Advice low salt intake

48. Examination • Appropriate measurement of BP in both arms • Optic fundi • Calculation of BMI ( waist circumference also may be useful) • Auscultation for carotid, abdominal, and femoral bruits • Palpation of the thyroid gland.

49. Examination. • Thorough examination of the heart and lungs • Abdomen for enlarged kidneys, masses, and abnormal aortic pulsation • Lower extremities for edema and pulses • Neurological assessment

50. Routine Labs • EKG. • Urinalysis. • Blood glucose and hematocrit; serum potassium, creatinine ( or estimated GFR), and calcium. • HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. • Optional tests urinary albumin excretion. albumin/creatinine ratio.