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The Organization of life

The Organization of life. Chapter 4 Environmental Science. 4.1-Ecosystems. All of the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment. Even a vacant lot. Coral Reefs. Oak forests. Ecosystems Connected. Ecosystems do not have clear boundaries.

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The Organization of life

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  1. The Organization of life Chapter 4 Environmental Science

  2. 4.1-Ecosystems • All of the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment. Even a vacant lot Coral Reefs Oak forests

  3. Ecosystems Connected • Ecosystems do not have clear boundaries. • Soil washes from mtn. tops into streams. • Birds migrate. • Pollen travels from forest to field.

  4. Human Survival: • “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe” • John Muir, naturalist, founder of Sierra club. • To what extent are humans “hitched” to everything else?

  5. Ecosystem Survival • In order for an ecosystem to survive they need 5 basic components. • Energy source • Mineral nutrients • Liquid Water • Oxygen • Other Living organisms.

  6. Ecosystem Components • Biotic factors: living, once living and potential for life parts. • Abiotic factors: nonliving parts.

  7. Human survival: • Name some biotic and abiotic components in a human ecosystem.

  8. Levels of Ecological Organization • Organism • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere

  9. Organism An individual living thing. The wildebeest

  10. Population All the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time.

  11. Community A group of various species that live in the same place and interact with each other.

  12. Ecosystem and Biosphere • The ecosystem: African Savanna. • The biosphere: Earth

  13. Habitats • The place organisms live…their “address”. • Most organisms do not survive for long outside their natural habitat…although organisms can adapt.

  14. 4.2- Evolution

  15. Evolution How did the chameleon become so well suited for its environment? What characteristics does this chameleon possess that helps it hunt this difficult to catch fly out of the air?

  16. Natural Selection • The unequal survival and reproduction that results from the presence or absence of particular traits. • Some individuals, because of certain traits, are more likely to survive and reproduce than others.

  17. Peppered Moth • Typically whitish with black speckles. • Industrial revolution and coal burning coated trees in black soot. • Mutation- all black. • Black now the better suited variety; better camouflaged.

  18. Evolution • Darwin suggested that after many generations, natural selection caused characteristics of the population to change. • The once speckled moth now the black mutant variety.

  19. Darwin • Nature selects for certain traits, such as sharper claws or lighter feathers, because organisms with these traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

  20. Adaptations • An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction. • Adaption of thicker fur when moving to a colder environment

  21. Coevolution • The process of two species evolving in response to long-term interactions. • Flower with sweet nectar to attract birds • Birds evolving long curved beaks to obtain nectar • Birds transmit pollen

  22. Artificial Selection • The selective breeding of an organism by humans. • Small terriers being bred to catch rats…small, fast, and determined.

  23. Resistance • Ability of an organism to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it. -The resistant variety reproduce, passing the resistance gene on to future generations.

  24. Evolving • The faster a population can reproduce, the faster its populations can evolve.

  25. 4.3- The Diversity of Living Things

  26. Classification of living things: • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.

  27. Kingdoms • Scientists group living things into six kingdoms. • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Fungi • Protists • Plants • Animals

  28. Monera • Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are sometimes lumped together as one kingdom called Monera.

  29. Monera • Microscopic, single-celled, usually have cell walls, reproduce by dividing. • Live in every habitat on Earth. • Roles: break down of wastes etc to return nutrients to the soil, converting Nitrogen in air into a useable kind for plants.

  30. Fungi • Nuclei, cell walls, and no chlorophyll. • Absorb food from surroundings. • Role: break down of dead organisms, disease such as athletes foot, flavor to food such as blue cheese, rising of bread (yeast).

  31. Protists • Diverse group: some animal like (amoeba), some plant like (kelp). • Environmentally the most important Protists are the algae.

  32. Plants • Lower plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms. • Require moist areas, mosses.

  33. Gymnosperms • Woody plants, produce pollen and seeds (seeds not enclosed in fruits). • Certain types called conifers. Needle-like leaves.

  34. Angiosperms • Majority of land plants. • Flowering plants that produce seeds in fruits. • Many depend on animals to disperse seeds.

  35. Animals • Can’t make their own food like plants. • No cell walls. • Invertebrates (no backbone), vertebrates.

  36. Animals • Examples: insects, mammals, marsupials, amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds, etc.

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