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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES. Prepared by Jamil Istifan M-DCC, Kendall Campus ESL & Foreign Languages Department. What is Clause?. It’s a part of a sentence which contains a subject and a verb, usually joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction. e.g. Suzy said that she was happy .
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Prepared by Jamil Istifan M-DCC, Kendall Campus ESL & Foreign Languages Department
What is Clause? It’s a part of a sentence which contains a subject and a verb, usually joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction. e.g. • Suzy said that she was happy. The word clause is also sometimes used for grammatical structures containing participles or infinitives (no subject or conjunction). e.g. • Not knowing where to go, I called Robert; I told him to try a different path. FORMULA: Phrase < Clause < Sentence
Main Clause Some sentences consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A subordinate clause acts like a port of the main clause (like a subject, an object, or an adverbial). e.g. • Who you are doesn’t matter. S • I told him that I didn’t care. d.o. • Where you go, you’ll find Coca-cola. adv.
Co-ordinate Clause It’s one, two, or more clauses of equal “value” that make up a sentence. It doesn’t function as a subject, object, complement or adverbial. e.g. • It’s hot today and there’s a lot of sun. Subordinate Clause It’s a clause which functions as part of another clause (as subject, object, or adverbial) e.g. • What I need is a sandwich. (subject) • I thought that he crashed. (object) • I’ll dream of you wherever you are. (adverbial)
Relative Clauses Clauses, beginning with relative pronouns who, which, where…, used to identify people or things, are called relative clauses. e.g. • There’s a program on T.V. which you might like. Relative when and where introduce clauses referring to time and place. Why is used after reason. e.g. • I’ll never forget the day when I first met you. • Do you know a shop where I find shoes? • Do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me? Object pronouns can be left out. e.g. • She’s somebody I can’t stand. (..somebody that…)
Relative pronouns have a double use. As subjects or objects, they can replace words like he or him. • She’s got a boy-friend. He studies English. • She’s got a boy-friend who studies English. Whose is a possessive relative word. It replaces his, her or its. e.g. • I saw a girl whose hair is blond. (Not…whose her hair…) Which can refer to a noun or to a clause. What, that and how cannot be used in the same way. e.g. • He got married, which surprised me. (Not…, what/that surprised…)
Identifying Adjective Clauses Identifying, defining or restrictive clauses tell us which person or thing is meant. e.g. • This is the car that I rented. Non-Identifying Adjective Clauses Non-identifying, non-defining or non-restrictive clauses tell more about a person or thing that is already identified. e.g. • In 1908 Ford developed his Model T car, which sold for $500. When a non-identifying clause doesn’t come at the end of a sentence, 2 commas are necessary. e.g. • Claudia, who lives in New-York, has moved.
that and who That can refer to things, and in an informal style to people. e.g. • Where is the girl that sells the tickets? • Where is the girl who sells the tickets? who and whom In an informal style, who can be used as an object. Whom is more formal. e.g. • The woman who I marry has a sense of humor. • The woman whom I marry has a sense of humor. Omission of a subject In informal style, after there is. e.g. • There’s a man at the door wants to talk to you.
Position of preposition Before relative pronouns it is more formal. At the end of relative clauses it is more informal. e.g. • He was respected by the people with whom he worked. (formal) • He was respected by the people (that) he worked with. (informal) Who and that are not used after prepositions. e.g. • …..the people with whom he worked. • (not…the people with who/that he worked.) That : essential to the meaning Which: not essential to the meaning.
