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The Endocrine System Unit 42

Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N. 12/22/11. The Endocrine System Unit 42. Objectives. Spell & Define terms Review the location & functions of the endocrine system 5 Diagnostic tests associated with endocrine conditions Describe common diseases S&S of hypo/hyperglycemia PCT actions

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The Endocrine System Unit 42

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  1. Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N. 12/22/11 The Endocrine System Unit 42

  2. Objectives • Spell & Define terms • Review the location & functions of the endocrine system • 5 Diagnostic tests associated with endocrine conditions • Describe common diseases • S&S of hypo/hyperglycemia • PCT actions • Fingerstick for glucose

  3. Structure & Function • Endocrine glands -secret hormones that regulate body activities -control body activities & growth -distinct glands or clusters of cells -subject to disease that cause hypo or hypersecretion of hormones

  4. Pituitary Gland • Master gland b/c controls most of the other glands • 2 lobes: -anterior lobe secretes STH,TSH, FSH, ACTH,ICSH, LTH -posterior secretes ADH & Pitocin

  5. Pineal Body • Small gland located in the skull beneath the brain • Produces: -glomerulotropin -serotonin -melatonin

  6. Adrenal Glands • One located atop each kidney • Adrenal medulla(inside)- produces norepinepherin & epinephrine(stimulate body to produce energy quickly during an emergency • The adrenal cortex(outside)- produces glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, & gonadocorticoids

  7. Gonads • Male & female sex glands. • Females have two ovaries located in the pelvic cavity...produce estrogen & progesterone. -Produces ovum • Males have 2 testes contained in the scrotum...produce testosterone. -produces sperm

  8. Thyroid & Parathyroid glands • Thyroid-2 lobes found in the neck -secretes thyroxine(iodine important component) & thyrocalcitonin • Parathyroid glands- embedded in posterior thyroid glands. -manufactures parathormone -tetany: sever muscle spasms(can lead to death)

  9. Islets of Langerhans • Cells found in pancreas • Produce insulin & glucagon • Insulin lowers blood sugar • Glucagon raises blood sugar

  10. Hyperthyroidism • Overactivity of the thyroid gland • S&S: -irritability & restlessness -nervousness -rapid pulse -increased appetite -weight loss -sensitivity

  11. Hyperthyroidism • PCT Actions: patience, quiet & cool room, nutritional needs • Treatment: reduce level of thyroxine with thyroidectomy or radiation • Thyroidectomy post-op: -semi-fowler's position with neck supported -assist with oxygen -routine post-op care -report bleeding, resp. distr,inability to speak, elevated temp or pulse,numbness or tingle of extremities.

  12. Hypothyroidism • Undersecretion of thyroxine • Lack of iodine can result in low thyroxine production • Called simple goiter • Thyroid gland enlarges • Treatment: can be managed with thyroxine replacement

  13. Common Parathyroid Glands • Parathormone regulates level of electrolytes, calcium, & phosphates • Hypersecretion results in: -hypercalcemia -renal calculi -loss of bone calcium • Usually caused by tumors---can be removed. • Hyposecretion can lead to abnormal muscle-nerve interaction, severe muscle spasm(tetany) calcium to treat emergency

  14. Conditions of Adrenal Glands • Regulate development & maintenance f sexual characteristics, carb/fat/prot metabolism, fluid balance, sod & K levels • Hypersecretion results in Cushins's syndome: -weakness -hyperglycemia -edema -hypertension,loss of K and retaining of sodium • Masculinity of female • Surgical & supportive treatment

  15. Cont. • Hyposecretion results in Addison's Disease characterized by: -loss of sod & retension of K -hypoglycemia -dehydration -low stress tolerance • Treated by hormone replacement & techniques to combat dehydration

  16. Diabetes Mellitus • Chronic disease that results from a deficiency of insulin or a resistance to effects of insulin • Glucose from food breakdown remains in blood—elevated blood sugar • Affects blood vessels & nerves—person more likely to develop heart attack, stroke, blindness, renal disease, etc. • Risk factors: heredity,obesity, age, diet, lack of exercise

  17. Disease Mechanism • Glucose in blood increases—pancreas secretes more insulin • Glycogen is storage form of energy • Diabetes—insufficient insulin for these functions

  18. Types of Diabetes • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(Type 1)-more common in young & must take daily insulin to live • S&S: -polyuria -polydipsia -polyphagia -glucosuria

  19. Types Cont. • Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus-metabolic disorder that occurs when the body does not make enough insulin, or does not properly use insulin • Most common form 90-95% • S&S: -easy fatigue, skin infections, slow healing, itching,vision changes, obesity, p.736

  20. PCT Care Diabetes • Eat a healthful, well-balanced diet-weight reduction is favored (ADA Diet) • Exercise regularly • Check blood sugar regularly • Use insulin or antidiabetic agents if ordered -Insulin

  21. Insulin • Several types of insulin vary in; -speed of action -duration -potency or strength • Given by nurse • Injection or pump

  22. Complications of Diabetes • Renal disease • Circulatory imparements • Poor healing • Hypertension • Cardiovascular problems • Diabetic coma • Vision problems & blindness

  23. Hypoglycemia • Blood glucose level is below normal -may occur rapidly -insulin reaction/shock if insulin OD • Can be brought on by: skipping meals,drug interaction, etc. p.738 • S&S: complaints of hunger, weakness, dizziness, shakiness, skin cold/moist/clammy/pale...p.738

  24. Hyperglycemia • Occurs when there is insufficient insulin for metabolic needs(diabetic coma) -usually develops slowly • May be brought on by: stress, illness, dehydration, etc. p739 • S&S: headache, drowsiness, confusion,fruity breath, deep breathing, p.738

  25. PCT Roles • Know S&S of insulin shock & insulin coma • Know location of assimilated(absorbed) sources of carbs • Do not give extra food without permission • Serve proper tray • Special attention to feet -wash daily -inspect -p. 739

  26. Blood Glucose Monitoring • Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) -a series of stable minor hemoglobin components formed from hemoglobin & glucose -measure glucose levels in blood over prolonged period of time. • Fingerstick blood sugar collects sample of capillary blood with a lancet(tiny needle). • Normal fasting range: 65-120 • Normal value:70-110

  27. Notify Nurse... • If BS Value is outside of range • Inadequate food intake • Eating food not permitted • Refusal of meals,supps, snacks • N&V, Diarrhea • Inadequate fluid intake • Excessive activity • Complaints of dizziness, shakiness, racing heart

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