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Test Slide Test Slide Test Slide. The Misbehaving Brain: Alzheimer’s and autism. Dr. Chris Hasegawa drchasegawa@gmail.com http://www.drchasegawa.net/. What does our b rain do when we’re not consciously using it? How does our brain fill in gaps when we don’t ask it to?

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Test Slide Test Slide Test Slide

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  1. Test Slide Test Slide Test Slide

  2. The Misbehaving Brain: Alzheimer’s and autism Dr. Chris Hasegawa drchasegawa@gmail.com http://www.drchasegawa.net/

  3. What does our brain do when we’re not consciously using it? • How does our brain fill in gaps when we don’t ask it to? • Why do psychedelic drugs affect us? • What does all of this have to do with brain health? Default Mode Network Brain as a Predictor Why MISBehaving Brain? Neurons and Synapses

  4. Darryl Inaba, Pharm D. William Cohen

  5. UPPERS– StimulantsCocaineincreases levels of Dopaminein brain circuits controlling pleasure and movement.Methamphetamineincreases the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine, leading to high levels of that chemical in the brain.

  6. Downers – DepressantsMorphine Binds to opiodreceoptors, especially those involved in the perception of pain located in the brain stem.Alcoholincreases the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine, leading to high levels of that chemical in the brain.

  7. All Arounders – HalleucinogensLSD appears to activate sensory neurons randomlyMarijuana appears to shrink neurons in the brain

  8. The idea behind the social motivation hypothesis is that maybe children with autism do not find social interactions as rewarding as their neurotypicalpeers • In most kids, eye contact with attractive faces activates the reward centers of the brain (+ dopa) Autism: Three ModelsSocial motivation hypothesisKatherine K.M. Stavropoulos Ph.D.

  9. children with autism have less reward-related brain activity than their neurotypical peers when they are anticipating social information (- dopa) • children with autism have larger approach and reward related brain activity when anticipating non-social pictures compared to social pictures Autism: Four ModelsSocial motivation hypothesisKatherine K.M. Stavropoulos Ph.D.

  10. IWH says that children with autism might have too much brain activity, which makes it hard to selectively pay attention to some things and not others Overly Intense World hypothesisHenry & Kamila Markram, Switzerland

  11. Some studies show that individuals with autism have hyper-activity (or more activity) in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. compared to their typically developing peers • The amygdala is an almond-shaped brain structure that is critical for interpreting and “tagging” emotionally significant things in our environment. Overly Intense World hypothesisHenry & Kamila Markram, Switzerland

  12. Theory of Mind (ToM) is our ability to understand the thoughts, feelings, and mental states of other people, and recognize that not everyone shares our mental state. • Trick Cereal Box Theory of mind hypothesisHenry & Kamila Markram, Switzerland

  13. Theory of Mind (ToM) is our ability to understand the thoughts, feelings, and mental states of other people, and recognize that not everyone shares our mental state. • Trick Cereal Box Theory of mind hypothesisElizabeth O'Nions, Catherine Sebastian, University College London

  14. Studies of brain activity in individuals with and without autism show differences in both the location of brain activity and connection between brain areas when individual with autism are asked to think about other people’s mental states. • Extremely high activity in DMN Theory of mind hypothesisElizabeth O'Nions, Catherine Sebastian, University College London

  15. Vascular dementia is often caused by an acute, specific event such as a stroke or transient ischemic attackwhere the blood flow to the brain has been interrupted

  16. Plaque causes alzheimers

  17. Tangles In healthy cells, transport system is organized in orderly parallel strands somewhat like railroad tracks. A protein called tau (rhymes with wow) helps the tracks stay straight.

  18. Tangles In tangles, tau collapses into twisted strands. The tracks can no longer stay straight. They fall apart and disintegrate. Nutrients and other essential supplies can no longer move through the cells, which eventually die.

  19. Dementia with Lewy Bodiesshares symptoms with both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.10-15 per cent of all cases of dementia.Lewy bodies are tiny deposits of a protein (alpha-synuclein) in neuronsLow levels of Neurotransmitters(mainly acetylcholine and dopamine)

  20. Studying role of the apolipoprotein (APOE) gene in the development of Alzheimer's • In combination with fats, APOE creates lipoproteins, which help to transport and regulate levels of cholesterol throughout our bloodstream. • However, the E4 version increases the risk of toxic amyloid beta and tau buildup. • CRISPR-Cas9, which is short for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9. Genetic Research from April 2018Dr. Yadong Huang UCSF

  21. Diet A diet including beans, fish (or vegetarian substitutes), fruits, vegetables, olive oil, nuts, whole grains—contributes to a healthy brain and heart.

  22. Exercise Aerobic exercise increases blood flow to the brain, increases positive neurotransmitters, and enhances the birth of new neural stem cells.

  23. Sleep During deep sleep the natural cleaners of your brain—microglia—remove unwanted particles. At least 7 hours each night is recommended

  24. socialize Having an active social life increases brain activity, reduces stress, and may both trigger and preserve memories.

  25. RELAX Schedule daily activities like meditation, yoga, or spending time with your pet.

  26. LEARN When you learn a new, challenging skill such as photography, quilting or playing a musical instrument, you strengthen the neural networks in your brain.

  27. Music Listening to music can evoke emotion and trigger memories. Singing or playing a musical instrument has been shown to help build neural networks.

  28. Dr. Chris Hasegawa drchasegawa@gmail.com http://www.drchasegawa.net/

  29. The brain cranks out memories near its center, in the hippocampus. But a new study suggests only a small chunk of it, called the dentate gyrus, is responsible for “episodic” memories—information that allows us to tell similar places and situations apart. Dr. Susumu Tonegawa MIT neuroscientist

  30. Adult Mouse brain sections shows Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus region of Hippocampus

  31. Adult Mouse brain sections shows Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus region of Hippocampus(700 neurons per day)

  32. Some good news for Baby Boomers While older people have more difficulty than the young with rote memorization, such as remembering lists of words or numbers, they actually tend to perform better than young people in the recognition and recall of facts and tasks.

  33. Does this make sense? This is partly because older people, having accumulated more real-life experience and information, have a denser neural networkin their long-term memory, and partly because they have had time to more efficiently organize their facts and life experiences for retrieval.

  34. Memory Ensembles

  35. Dr. Chris Hasegawa drchasegawa@gmail.com http://www.drchasegawa.net/

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