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Ch 2: How England became rich from her colonies

Ch 2: How England became rich from her colonies. Mercantilism: State directs economic activity National wealth increases Restricted imports Increased exports Hakluyt: Colonies can furnish tar, lumber, hemp & market for woolens Labor shortage ltds manufacture in Colonies

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Ch 2: How England became rich from her colonies

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  1. Ch 2: How England became rich from her colonies Mercantilism: State directs economic activity National wealth increases Restricted imports Increased exports Hakluyt: Colonies can furnish tar, lumber, hemp & market for woolens Labor shortage ltds manufacture in Colonies England’s labor surplus provides cheap goods

  2. England’s control over colonial economy 3,000 miles away Doubt about importance of colonies English politics= shambles 1630s Charles I 40-42 Calls Parliament to raise $$ Civil War 49 Parliament cuts off Charles’ head  58 Cromwell rules, no king 60 Charles II (son- ltd power) 85 James I (bro) 88 James II runs- replaced w/ Will & Mary Glorious Revolution

  3. Colonies during England’s time of troubles • 1607 VA founded under James I • 30s-80s: limited interest; civil unrest • 50s Cromwell bans 4n shipping  war w Dutch • 60s Navigation Acts (Charles II) • No trade w Cols but in England’s ships • No trade from Cols (listed goods) but from England • No transport of goods 2 Cols except from E

  4. Rivalry of English & Dutch • Dutch: largest merchant fleet • Took most Portuguese trade E. Indies • Opened Japan trade • Controlled Baltic lumber trade • Raided Spanish • Finished/ sold raw wool into textiles • Boycott nearly broke E industry

  5. Rivalry (b) • Dutch: • Greatest painters, philosophers • Weak hold over colonies • Trade = wool  cols Tobacco to Europe • Controlled key water routes Hudson R • Mss Valley, Grt Lakes • Key outlet for fur trade

  6. Rivalry (c) • Charles II gave Dutch territory to bro James (Duke York) • 1664 James sent 4 frigates, 400 men • Col surrenders • Dutch declare war on England • Violate Navigation Acts

  7. Proprietary Colonies • Founded by owners of land- friends & family of king • There for $$$ -- Quitrents 1 shilling per acre • Settlers mostly Scottish, Irish, Welsh, French, German • Some from other colonies

  8. Founding of New York • Duke of York inherits from Dutch • Old settlers keep rights • Duke appoints Governor • Gov Nichols presented ‘Dukes Laws’ to reps of towns • Puritans object to paying taxes w/o rep • Character of noisy discontent becomes NY trait • 1683 Duke allows reps to elect assembly • Charter of Liberties: confirms traditional English rights • 86 Charter repudiated when Duke becomes James II

  9. Colony of New Jersey • Transferred from Duke of York to Berkeley & Sir Carteret • Some transferred from Gov Nicholls to Puritans of E. Long Island • Allows self gov through assembly • Berkeley & C allow same to New Haven Puritans • L.I. Puritans won’t accept authority • Col divided 74, sold off to Quakers • 1702 re-united into NJ under Royal Charter

  10. Carolinas • William Berkeley (John’s bro) – Gov VA, sugar planter from Barbados • Brings displaced planters • 63 Gets charter from King Charles II for land between NC and GA from Atlantic to Pacific • Plants 2 colonies: Albemarle Sound & Charlestown • Constitution: balanced aristocrats & proprietors • Governor appointed by Proprietors & Upper house reps of nobility; lower house = commoners • Upper house initiates laws

  11. South Carolina • Settlers: Barbadians, Huguenots, N. Englanders, English, Scots, Black Slaves • Pines  tar, pitch, turpentine • Rice** • Lowlands & Charlestown • Last of proprietary governors ousted 1719 • 1729 Royal governors sent in

  12. Pennsylvania • William Penn (admiral of Cromwell expedition to W Indies)  disgrace  Ireland • Penn Jr.  expelled from Oxford sent to tour continent • To rid him of Quaker ideas • Purchased NJ as refuge • Puritans not friendly to Quakers • 1681 King gave land in lieu of payment of loan & charter to PA • Agrees to enforce Navigation Acts, get King’s approval on laws & freeholder’s approval too • Provides Anglican minister if 20+ colonists ask for one

  13. PA (b) • Assembly battles council (upper house) for control • 1699 Penn lets Assembly set up plan for government • 1701 Charter of Privileges takes legislative power from Council, proprietors • They keep veto power

  14. Where did England’s Authority end and Colonial Liberty begin? • Each colony founded w/o imperial policy • Each government was beyond immediate control • Time • Distance • Charters required consent of settlers to local legislation • Deep suspicion of policies imposed from above- esp. New England

  15. How is New England least suited to Mercantilism? • Few raw materials supplied • Mostly fish  W. I. • Fur at first; ran out • Later distribution of goods • Competed w/ merchants of mother country • Illegal trade boomed

  16. Reasons for New England to resist Navigation Acts • Economic: more profit = covenant of works • Religious: Chas II hates Puritans

  17. Was the king out to get New England? (a) • Charter required laws to conform to those of England • Didn’t follow • 1662 King ordered: revise! • Assembly ignores • 64 Commission of 4 sent- to capture New Netherlands, then investigate N.E. • Commission treated poorly in Boston • All refused to talk to agents

  18. King out to get N.E. (b) • Agents recommend Charter be revoked • King must prove violations • King demands MA send agents to answer • None sent • New England’s laws on religion violated English law • King too busy to pursue • 1673 Plantation Duties export tax passed on items shipped anywhere but E • To cut down on smuggling • Downfall of Dominion of N.E. and Revolution of 1688 stop enforcement temporarily

  19. Why King Chas II didn’t crack down on New England • No administrative agency for colonial affairs • 1675 Privy Council, aka: Lords of Trade • Tried to control N.E. • 1679 King took N.H. from M.A. • Became royal colony

  20. Eng ct says MA has no title to ME Lords of Trade renew demand for agents L of T ordered MA to follow Nav Acts L of T sent customs officer- Edward Randolph L of T demand MA show why charter should not be revoked 1684 MA charter revoked 85 Duke of York  K. James II L of T puts NJ, NY, CT, RI, Ply, MA, NH, ME under ‘Dominion of New England Sir Edmund Andros sent to govern He raised taxes, revoked town charters Demands Quitrents Enforced Nav Acts MA buys title from counter-claimant MA sends, w/o authority to answer Qs Refused bcs Charter gives authority to make laws- then passed law to follow Nav Acts MA set up it’s own customs office; arrested Randolph’s agents MA sent more agents w/o power to answer Qs MA decides not to resist MA objects No right to do that! MA sorry they didn’t resist Tit for tat

  21. What happens to James II? • Catholic & won’t cooperate with Parliament • Chased out of England • Replaced by William & Mary 1688 • Boston jumps the gun: imprisoned Andros & council • Andros recalled; MA given temporary ok

  22. Why NY’s revolution was less organized • Thinly populated • Different cultures; no cooperation • 1689 German Jacob Leisler led militia in coup & governed  1691 • K. Wm sent new governor • Leisler hesitates to surrender power • Hung for treason

  23. How England got control over colonies and trade • 1696 Parliament ordered governors take oath • To enforce Nav Acts • Sent customs officials to each colony • Power of Writ of Assistance (blind searches for smuggled goods) • Violators of Nav Acts prosecuted at Admiralty Ct • No jury; king appoints Judges • 1696-1729 most colonies become Royal Colonies

  24. What gave colonists final say? • Power of the purse: • Lower assemblies could levy taxes • Pay governors • Or withhold pay

  25. 3 Agencies to enforce Navigation Acts • Admiralty Courts • Customs officials • Royal Governors w/ oaths

  26. Why isn’t this sufficient? • Courts unable to act due to vague 1696 laws • Customs officials often bribed • Royal Governors thwarted by assemblies

  27. Contest for North America- English, French, Spanish, Indians • Indian warfare • Conflicts over land, wild life, frontier • 1622 Powhatan Confederacy victory in VA • 347 English dead • 37 Puritans beat Pequots, burn village • 75 Meta-comet- King Philip’s war

  28. Contest 2- French • Bar way west of Appalachians • Canada s. 1608 (Quebec) • Missionaries (souls) & Courier de Bois (furs) • Interior Great lakes to New Orleans by 1680s • Forts, trading posts • Peaceful trade w/ Indians • French King encourages farming, sends women to settle • Bonus for large families • Excommunication for abandoning farms • Few settlers- pop sparse • Allied w/ Hurons

  29. Contest 3 - English • English allied w/ enemies of Huron: Iroquois • 1689 – 1713 Continuous war French v. English • 1689-97 War of League of Augsburg • 1702-13 War of Spanish Succession/ King William’s War & Queen Anne’s War

  30. Contest 4 Spanish • 1732 GA founded as buffer against Spanish • Geo Oglethorpe: brought poor to re-habilitate • Outlawed Rum, slavery • Failed to draw settlers • 1715 allowed Rum, slavery • 1752 becomes Royal Colony • Grows Rice • 1739-42 War of Jenkins Ear • 1740-48 War of Austrian Succession (Europe) • Here: King George’s War • North: New England expedition captured Ft Louisburg (Cape Breton Isle) • Treaty Aix-la-Chapelle: 1748 made us give fort back

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