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Programming in SAS

Programming in SAS. How SAS implements structured programming constructs. SAS Philosophy. The “Elephant philosophy of programming” Remove everything that doesn’t look like an elephant. SAS manipulates tables one row at a time. DATA Steps. Program statements are executed within data steps

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Programming in SAS

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  1. Programming in SAS How SAS implements structured programming constructs

  2. SAS Philosophy The “Elephant philosophy of programming” Remove everything that doesn’t look like an elephant. SAS manipulates tables one row at a time.

  3. DATA Steps • Program statements are executed within data steps • Code is executed in the order that it appears • Instruction sets in SAS end with a DATA, PROC, or RUN statement • Each DATA step executes an implied loop from the first read statement (SET, MERGE, INPUT, etc.) to the start of the next instruction set • Data records are output at the end of the instruction set (implied OUTPUT) unless there is an OUTPUT statement

  4. Sequence Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 Statement 4 Statement …

  5. Statement 1 Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 2 Statement 3 Statement 3 *** *** Statement n Statement n Loops Setup Statements Setup Statements DO WHILE DO UNTIL

  6. DO Statement DO; ...more SAS statements... END; DOindex-variable=specification-1 <, . . . specification-n>; . . . more SAS statements . . . END;

  7. DO WHILE|UNTIL Statement • The UNTIL expression is evaluated at the bottom of the loop after the statements in the DO loop have been executed. If the expression is true, the DO loop does not iterate again. • The WHILE expression is evaluated at the top of the loop before the statements in the DO loop are executed. If the expression is true, the DO loop iterates. If the expression is false the first time it is evaluated, the DO loop does not iterate even once.

  8. Examples n=0; do while(n<5); n= n+1; put n; end; n=0; do until (n<5); n= n+1; put n; end;

  9. Examples • do i=1 to 10; • do count=2 to 8 by 2; • do i=1 to 10 while (x<y); • do i=2 to 20 by 2 until((x/3)>y);

  10. Selection Select Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Statement 1a Statement 1b Statement 1c Statement 2a Statement 2b Statement 2c Statement 3a Statement 3c Statement 3c Statement … Statement … Statement …

  11. IF-THEN/ELSE Statement • IFexpressionTHENstatement; <ELSEstatement;> • Arguments • expression • is any SAS expression and is a required argument. • statement • can be any executable SAS statement or DO group.

  12. SAS Selection Constructs • IF … THEN …; ELSE …; • IF … THEN • DO; • Statements • END • ELSE • DO; • Statements • END; • Other else statements.

  13. SELECT Statement SELECT <(select-expression)>; WHEN-1 (when-expression-1 <..., when-expression-n>) statement; <... WHEN-n (when-expression-1 <..., when-expression-n>) statement;> <OTHERWISEstatement; END; • (select-expression) specifies any SAS expression that evaluates to a single value. • (when-expression) specifies any SAS expression, including a compound expression.

  14. SAS Selection Constructs (cont.) SELECT (payclass); WHEN ('monthly') amt=salary; WHEN ('hourly') DO; amt=hrlywage*min(hrs,40); IF hrs>40 THEN PUT 'Check Timecard'; END; /* end of do */ OTHERWISE PUT 'Problem Observation'; END;

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