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Planeamento urbano, comportamento térmico dos edifícios e qualidade do ar interior

Planeamento urbano, comportamento térmico dos edifícios e qualidade do ar interior. Lisboa, IST, 19 de Fevereiro de 2015. Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes Professor Jubilado da FEUP – Universidade do Porto. A Cidade e o Ambiente Global A Energia e o Planeamento Urbano

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Planeamento urbano, comportamento térmico dos edifícios e qualidade do ar interior

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  1. Planeamento urbano, comportamento térmico dos edifícios e qualidade do ar interior Lisboa, IST, 19 de Fevereiro de 2015 Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes Professor Jubilado da FEUP – Universidade do Porto

  2. A Cidade e o Ambiente Global • A Energia e o Planeamento Urbano • Os Edifícios e a Energia • Caso do comportamento térmico • Os Edifícios e o Ambiente • Caso do ar interior • Uma Possível Síntese

  3. A Cidade e o Ambiente Global

  4. Aquecimento Global: EVIDÊNCIA FÍSICA

  5. O CO2 como Critério de Gestão Urbana A natureza da energia primária é crítica!

  6. Planeamento Urbano e Energia

  7. Matriz Energética A “energia da AdEPorto” é a energia do cidadão. EN. ÚTIL EN. PRIMÁRIA EN. FINAL

  8. As Cidades como Atores Energéticos Expo 98 ou Parque das Nações

  9. Major consumersofprimaryenergy PORTO: 5.661 GWh ofprimaryenergy LISBON: 14.782 GWh ofprimaryenergy Industry and Others Transports Buildings Residential Energy Energy Buildings Transports Services Industry Others Source: Lisbon Energy Matrix, 2005 Source: Porto Energy Matrix, 2008

  10. Rede urbana de frio/calor Cogeração no Parque das Nações (1993 - …) Climaespaço network at EXPO‘98 Lisboa 1995-8 electricity – heating - cooling Fonte: EXPO’98/CCE/DGTREN

  11. Perspectivas para a Acção Soluçõesbaseadasnatecnologia Não existe uma resposta única e simples • Eficiência energética • Energias renováveis • Transição para sistemas distribuidores de energia inteligentes e resistentes, conjugados com transportadores de energia não poluentes, por exemplo, hidrogénio e electricidade • Transportes c/ combustíveis não poluentes • Separação e captura do CO2 emitido por combustíveis fósseis • Próxima geração de tecnologia de fissão e fusão nuclear

  12. A Suficiência na Mobilidade e Transportes Antes da eficiência pela tecnologia, a suficiência da sabedoria Carro Autocarro Bicicleta

  13. A Suficiência na Energia dos Edifícios Mas de que energia se trata? A da TV e da Cozinha ou a do edificio-abrigo? CASE STUDY IN GERMANY, 1987

  14. Building stock (1) : Reabilitação com sérias restrições …

  15. Building stock (2): ou com outros objetivos sociais

  16. Os edifícios e a energia: A oportunidade da suficiência - Caso do comportamento térmico Global Problem Climate Health&comfort (criteria) Bldg add-on technologies Building functions • Climateused to • be local. Now • becametwice • global! • Climatechangeis • therebutnot • exactly as we use • to seeit Building physics Solution Local Autor: E. de Oliveira Fernandes

  17. Casos ‘históricos’ de desconforto térmico em Portugal ENERGY AND HOUSING IN PORTUGAL(1978) Moncorvo survey in ICBEM I, PergamonPress 1980

  18. Cultura Cultura Cultura do Petróleo

  19. Oportunidades para a Energia nas Cidades Sustentáveis Building Stock • Thermal upgrade of the envelope of existing buildings • Upgrade of lighting of buildings • Solar thermal for DHW • Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and free cooling • Efficient electrical appliances • Passive buildings • Smart Metering * Transports and Mobility • Lowering mobility needs • Shift from individual to collective transports • Soft transportation modes • Integration of EV in the urban environment Urban Energy Governance • Shift among energy carriers • Upgrade of street and traffic lighting • CHP with district heating and cooling • Electric production from RES in the urban environment • Development of smart grids

  20. KeysBarriersandDifficulties Informational and Behavioral • Lack of information • Asymmetry of information • Lack of expertise • Perception of quality of life • Divergence of interests among stakeholders Institutional • Regulatory framework • Lack of coordination with upper administrative levels • Lack of internal coordination • Lack of cooperation Economical • Price distortions • Cost-effectiveness perception • High-risk of investments • High upfront costs • Long payback periods

  21. Os edifícios e a energia: Caso do ar interior Building as a barrier and as a conglomerate of indoor air pollution sources

  22. Casos de referência Thechallenge: buildings “better” thantheclimate GREEN TOWER EXPO’98 - Temperature and humidity levels (January 2001), no heating system

  23. A saúde e conforto no ambiente construído Doisconceitos/ abordagens • Fanger’s approach (ASHRAE 55/1992) & • Adaptive comfort (ASHRAE 55/2010, Humphreys, Nicol) with free floating temperature regime Tc = 13.5 + 0.54 To (To - average monthly temperature)

  24. Commonexposurepathways Human exposure occurs when a person comes into contact with a pollutant* at a certain concentration during a certain period of time. INDOOR AIR OUTDOOR AIR • Pollutants released to air, land and water may travel through different pathways before coming into contact with a person. • The characteristics of a substance affect how long it stays in the environment, how far it travels and whether or not it can transfer between air, water and soil. * stressor

  25. Inhalationexposure Health risk factors include exposure to air pollution (indoors and outdoors). Exposure Concentration x time Health effects Dose For the same concentration of pollutants in the air the exposure indoors tends to be close to 10 times higher than outdoors. 2

  26. IAQ WHO Guidelines: fromsources to policies Indoor Air

  27. In-/excludingstressors: guidelines • WHO air quality guidelines (1987) • WHO air quality guidelines (2005) • WHO IAQ guidelines: dampness and mould (2009) • WHO IAQ guidelines: selected pollutants (2010) Support of WHO • Worldwide scientific committee - all • INDEX project (2005), EC financed • REVIHAAP Project (2013), EC co-financed

  28. Uma Possível Síntese Pathstowardssustainableenergy • business as usual.. • or a more holisticapproach: reflecting man as • sufficiency ( clarified needs) ... consumer • responsibility (in the use of resources) ... moral agent • efficiency ... toolmaker CO2 driven (fossil!) ... policymaker feasibility driven (renewable!) ... economic man • health and comfort guided ... healthy man

  29. Encontro/Debate 22 de Janeiro 2015 Obrigado! eof@fe.up.pt

  30. Cultura Autor: E. de Oliveira Fernandes

  31. Cultura 26% 23% 22% 19% But, as 60% of all electricity goes to buildings 8% 23,6% Jornal Público Autor: E. de Oliveira Fernandes

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