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Chemical Reactions and Quantities

This overview of chemical reactions categorizes them into four primary types: combination, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement. We explore how these reactions involve the transformation of reactants into products, including the role of oxidation-reduction (redox) processes where electrons are transferred. Each category is illustrated with examples. Additionally, practical learning checks and solutions enhance comprehension of key concepts, such as balancing equations and identifying oxidation and reduction in various reactions.

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Chemical Reactions and Quantities

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  1. Chemical Reactions and Quantities Types of Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  2. Type of Reactions Chemical reactions are classified into four general types • Combination • Decomposition • Single Replacement • Double Replacement Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  3. Combination (Synthesis) Two or more elements or simple compounds combine to form (synthesize) one product A + B AB 2Mg + O2 2MgO 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl SO3 + H2O H2SO4 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  4. Decomposition One substance is broken down (split) into two or more simpler substances. AB A + B 2HgO 2Hg + O2 2KClO3 2KCl + 3 O2 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  5. Learning Check R1 Classify the following reactions as 1) combination or 2) decomposition: ___A. H2 + Br2 2HBr ___B. Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + 3CO2 ___C. 4 Al + 3C Al4C3 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  6. Solution R1 Classify the following reactions as 1) combination or 2) decomposition: _1_A. H2 + Br2 2HBr _2_B. Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + 3CO2 _1_C. 4 Al + 3C Al4C3 Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  7. Single Replacement One element takes the place of an element in a reacting compound. A + BC AB + C Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Fe + CuSO4FeSO4 + Cu Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  8. Double Replacement Two elements in reactants take the place of each other AB + CD AD + CB AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl+ NaNO3 ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2S Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  9. Learning Check R2 Classify the following reactions as 1) single replacement 2) double replacement __A. 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 __B. Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3 __C. 3C + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  10. Solution R2 Classify the following reactions as 1) single replacement 2) double replacement 1_A. 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 2_B. Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3 1_C. 3C + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3CO Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  11. Combustion A reaction in which a compound (often carbon) reacts with oxygen C + O2 CO2 CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  12. Learning Check R3 Balance the combustion equation ___C5H12 + ___O2 ___CO2+ ___H2O Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  13. Solution R3 Balance the combustion equation 1 C5H12 + 8 O2 5 CO2+ 6 H2O Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  14. Oxidation and Reduction • Reactions that involve a loss or gain of electrons • Occurs in many of the 4 types of reactions and combustion • Important in food metabolism, batteries, rusting of metals Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  15. Requirements for Oxidization-Reduction • Electrons are transferred • Two processes occur Oxidation = Loss of electrons (LEO) Zn Zn2+ + 2e- Reduction = Gain of electrons (GER) Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  16. Balanced Red-Ox Equations Combine the oxidation and reduction reactions to make Loss of electrons = Gain of electrons Zn + Cu2+ + 2e- Zn2+ + 2e- + Cu Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  17. Gain/Loss of Hydrogen In organic and biological reactions oxidation = Loss of H reduction = Gain of H Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  18. Learning Check R3 Identify the following as an 1) oxidation or a reduction process: __A. Sn Sn4+ + 4e- __B. Fe3+ + 1e- Fe2+ __C. Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  19. Solution R3 Identify the following as an 1) oxidation or a reduction process: 1_ A. Sn Sn4+ + 4e- 2_ B. Fe3+ + 1e- Fe2+ 2_ C. Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  20. Learning Check R4 In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light initiates an oxidation-reduction reaction Ag+ + Cl- Ag + Cl A. Which reactant is oxidized 1) Ag+ 2) Cl- 3) Ag B. Which reactant is reduced? 1) Ag+ 2) Cl- 3) Cl Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  21. Solution R4 In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light initiates an oxidation-reduction reaction Ag+ + Cl- Ag + Cl A. Which reactant is oxidized 2) Cl- Cl- Cl + e- B. Which reactant is reduced? 1) Ag+ Ag+ + e- Ag Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

  22. SUMMARY OF REACTIONS Dr Seemal Jelani Chem-100

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