Understanding Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups, and Polymers

1. Chapter 22, 23 Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry • The study of C-containing cpds • Structures and rxns • Exceptions: oxides of C, carbonates, hydrocarbonates (inorganic)

3. Millions and Millions of Organic Cpds • Carbon • has 4 valence e- (group IV) • can bond (4 covalent bonds) to as many as 4 other atoms at once, • can form C-chains (up to several thousand C) and rings of C • → endless variety of cpds.

4. Millions and Millions of Organic Cpds • can bond strongly to elements such as O and N, halogens • form double and triple bonds. • millions of organic cpds • classified into groups of cpds that have similar structures and properties.

5. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons • a group of organic cpds containing only H and C Hydrocarbons • Unsaturated hydrocarbons • alkenes—with double bond −C=C− • alkynes—with triple bond −C≡C− • Saturated hydrocarbons • alkanes • all single bonds −C−

6. Saturated Hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbon: (alkanes) • A hydrocarbon in which all the C atoms are connected to each other by single bonds. −C−C − C − C − C − C − C − C − C − C− covalent

7. Saturated Hydrocarbons • Uses of Alkanes • the simplest hydrocarbons. (saturated) • fuels e.g. methane (in town gas), propane (bottled fuel for BBQ), butane (lighter), gasoline • as solvents in paint removers, glues, and other products. • Other uses

8. Alkanes • The C in an alkane can be arranged in a chain or a ring. • both chains and rings can have branches of other C chains attached to them.

9. Alkanes • Some alkanes have branched structures.

10. Alkanes • The condensed structural formula for propane can be written as CH3CH2CH3.

11. Alkanes CnH2n+2

12. Energy source in the U.S.

14. Fractionating column

17. Fractions from Crude Oils

18. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons • Unsaturated hydrocarbon • A HC that has 1 or more −C=C−or −C≡C− bonds • The other bonds are single bonds (−C−) • Alkenes (−C=C−), alkynes (−C≡C−)

19. Alkenes • Alkenes • A hydrocarbon containing 1 or more −C = C− bonds • Unsaturated • ending with -ene • ethene • propene • butene • pentene

20. Alkenes • An unsaturated alkene can be converted into a saturated alkane by adding H to the C=Cbond. • hydrogenation.

21. Alkynes • Another type of unsaturated HC—alkyne, contains a triple bond(−C≡C−) between 2 C atoms. • ending with -yne. • ethyne, propyne, butyne

22. Alkynes General formula: CnH2n-2 Ethyne C2H2 H—C≡C—H H | Propyne C3H4 H—C—C≡C—H | H

23. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Aromatic hydrocarbon • has a benzene ring • most of them have distinctive aromas.

24. Monomers and Polymers • A Polymer • a giant molecule formed by covalent bonds • hundreds or thousands of small individual repeating units (monomers), bonded together in chains. • Monomers may all be alike, or they may be different. • Properties of a polymer are different from those of the monomers that formed it.

25. Synthetic Polymers • Polymers are everywhere, making fabrics such as nylon and polyester, plastic wrap and bottles, rubber bands, and many more products you see every day.

26. Structure of Polymers

27. Structure of Polymers • Cellulose • polymer found in the cell walls of plant cells • monomer : glucose

28. Structure of Polymers • glucose

29. Structure of Polymers • Starch • natural plant polymer • Monomer: glucose

30. Rubber • used in tires and rubber balls.

31. Plastics plastic≠ polymer not all polymers are plastics. • Plastics • can be molded into different shapes. • must be heated enough to become liquefied if it is to be poured into a mold. • harden if it is allowed to cool.

32. Functional Groups • A functional groupin an organic molecule • an atom or group of atoms that • always reacts in a certain way (similiarchem properties)

33. Functional Groups: Structure and Function

34. Functional Groups • The symbols R and R′ represent any C chains or rings bonded to the functional group. • * represents a H atom, C chain, or C ring.

35. Some Functional Groups

37. Organic Cpds Containing Halogens • halohydrocarbon • Any org cpd that contains a halogen substituent. • one H in the methane is replaced by a halogen.

39. Alkanols (Alcohols) • hydroxyl group (—OH). • Alcohol • An organic cpd in which a hydroxyl gp replaces a H atom of a HC. Methanol • R─OH

40. Alkanols (Alcohols) CnH2n+1OH

42. Alkanoic acids (Carboxylic Acids) • A alkanoicacid: • an organic cpd that has a carboxyl group.

43. Alkanoic Acids (Carboxylic Acids) *COOH Methanoic acid (formic acid) HCOOH Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) CH3COOH Propanoic acid C2H5COOH Butanoic acid C3H7COOH

45. CST problem 1 For the polymer, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ~CH2CH2CH(Cl)CH2CH(Cl)CH2CH(Cl)~ the repeat unit is A CH(Cl) B CH(Cl)CHCH2 C CH2CH D CH2CH(Cl)

46. The End