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Chapter 19

Chapter 19. Section 1: World Affairs, 1933-1939. New Deal Foreign Policy. At Inaugural 1933, FDR pledged the US would be a “good neighbor”. Pledged to respect the sovereign rights of all nations in the Western Hemisphere. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Recognition of the Soviet Union.

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Chapter 19

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  1. Chapter 19 Section 1: World Affairs, 1933-1939

  2. New Deal Foreign Policy • At Inaugural 1933, FDR pledged the US would be a “good neighbor”. • Pledged to respect the sovereign rights of all nations in the Western Hemisphere. Franklin D. Roosevelt

  3. Recognition of the Soviet Union • US refused to recognize Soviet Union. • Russians encourage communism. • By 1933, USSR was beset by serious economic problems. • FDR felt a stronger Soviet Union would slow down Japanese. • He also saw the Soviet’s need for food as a market for farmers and manufacturers.

  4. Aggression and Appeasement • Americans wanted Isolationism. • Events throughout the world send off alarms of trouble ahead.

  5. Japanese Expansion in the Pacific • Japan’s population doubles between 1872 and 1925 • To ease overcrowding and look for more resources and markets, they look at expansion • After the WWI Japan was bitter toward the West • Washington Conference of 1921 cost Japan most of its gain in China and limited Japan’s naval power. • In September 1931, Japanese invaded mineral-rich Manchuria in China

  6. Threats from Germany and Italy • On March 5, 1933, parliament voted AdolfHitler , the National Socialist leader (Nazis), the power he needed to begin a program of conquest in central and eastern Europe • In Italy, dictator BenitoMussolini made similar plans to control the Mediterranean and to expand Italy’s empire in Africa. • Mussolini and Hitler followed a new political doctrine known as fascism - a form of government in which a dictator and supporters cooperate to seek more power for their nation.

  7. Adolf Hitler & Benito Mussolini

  8. Neutrality • Americans at this time were determined to avoid war at all costs • Congress passed Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936, and 1937. • These laws barred sale/transportation of arms to warring nations • Banned loans to nations at war outside the Western Hemisphere • The president believed that Germany, Italy, and Japan were “bad neighbors” who were bent on war. • Roosevelt called for the abandonmentof isolation, but Americans were not ready yet

  9. “Europe at War Again” • Munich Agreement failed to appease Hitler • British and French leaders signed the Agreement believing that Hitler’s aggression was subdued. • Hitler takes Czechoslovakia, threatens Poland • France & GB pledge to defend Poland • Stalin signs non-aggression pact with Germany

  10. “Outbreak of War” • Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland • Blitzkrieg – lightning war • Sept. 3, 1939, GB & France declare war on Germany • US remains neutral, but lifts the Neutrality Acts • US will sell war goods, but cash payment is required

  11. “Near Disaster at Dunkirk” • Lull in fighting in winter of 1939 • Hitler invades Norway and Denmark • Germans sweep through Netherlands and Belgium • Germans meet first resistance of GB & France • Allies are driven back and defeated at French coastal city, Dunkirk

  12. “Evacuation at Dunkirk” • Troops were cut off from retreat by land • Aided by 600 private boats, 300,000 French and British soldiers were evacuated • Heroic nine-day rescue

  13. “Battle of Britain” • June 1940, Italy invaded France, declared war on GB • June 22, 1940 France surrenders • GB faces the threat alone

  14. “Germans Bomb Great Britain” • Germans bomb British air fields, factories, and cities • Germans prepare to move their armies across English channel • New Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, provides inspiration

  15. “America Abandons Neutrality” • Churchill asks US for 50 destroyers to protect against German subs • FDR provides destroyers through an “executive order” • GB forces Hitler to abandon invasion plans

  16. “America Realizes Its Peril” • Hitler and Mussolini now seem threatening to most Americans • Billions of dollars are appropriated for defense by Congress • Selective Service Act of 1940 adds 800,000 men to armed forces

  17. “America Realizes Its Peril” • FDR elected to third term in 1940 • Lend-Lease Policy allows US to aid GB • US can sell war goods with promise of return of goods or replaced goods • This authorizes the President to send supplies and weapons to other nations

  18. “Battle for the Atlantic” • Germany tries to starve GB into submission • Lend-lease supplies are attacked • US is drawn into war to assure protection of supplies • By fall of 1941, US merchant ships and Germans are exchanging fire

  19. “Germany Turns on Soviets” • Hitler wants vast wheat and oil of Soviet Union in Ukraine • June 1941, Germany attacks USSR • Stalin signs alliance with GB • US offers lend-lease • Churchill knows US aid to Russia would reduce German pressure on GB

  20. “Aggression in the Pacific” • Japan was moving against European colonies in Pacific • Region contained rice, rubber, tin, zinc, and oil needed for their industries • US was last obstacle to fulfill their ambitions

  21. “Aggression in the Pacific” • Sept. 1940 Japan allied with Germans and Italians “Axis Powers” • US places embargo on Japanese shipments • US tries to negotiate to stop conquests • Japan rejects

  22. “Appeal for Peace” • General Hideki Tojo replaces Fumimaro Konoye as Prime Minister • Negotiations take place and deadlock in late Nov. 1941 • FDR appeals to Emperor Hirohito for peace • Japanese fleet already headed to Pearl Harbor

  23. Chapter 19 Section 3: The United States at War

  24. The World at War • Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor • Destroyed/killed - 5 battleships - 250 airplanes - 4,500 people December 7, 1941, An aerial photograph of the attack from a Japanese fighter

  25. Japanese victories in the Pacific • US threat is now minimized • 6 months of victory for Japan • Japan takes: • American bases at Guam and Wake Island • British colonies at Hong Kong and Singapore • Thailand & Phillipines

  26. German Success in Europe • Axis forces occupied nearly all of Europe • Germans deep into Soviet Union by summer of ‘42 • Soviets must hold off Germans until British and Americans launch western offensive • US will focus on Germans before Japanese Germans at Stalingrad

  27. Turning Point of the War • Germans pressure Soviets with a 2nd offensive • Stalin pleaded Allies for help on Western Front • Sept. ’42 Soviets hold off Germans at Stalingrad • Soviets counter attack in Nov. ‘42 • Feb. ’43, 300,000 Germans surrender

  28. How did Soviets defeat Germans at Stalingrad? • Used the “winter weather” (brutal) to their advantage • Executed a massive Soviet counter attack • Hitler refused to order a German retreat • 800,000 Soviets die in Stalingrad; this is more than US lost in entire war

  29. German Weak Point Exposed • American and British forces push German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel into Tunisia • By May, 250,000 German troops surrender Africa • Aug. ‘43 Allies take Sicily • Sept. ’43 the Allies invade the Italian mainland Erwin Rommel

  30. Victory in Europe • US and GB begin bombing Germany continuously • Grounds troops are needed to win

  31. Normandy Invasion • June 6, 1944 Allied forces storm the beaches of Normandy (France) to overtake Nazi-occupied Europe • 176,000 troops carried in 5000 vessels • Called D-DAY • Supreme Allied Commander – Dwight D. Eisenhower • By early Aug. ’44 General George Patton and his forces were racing across N. France • In Sept. ‘44 the Allies invade western border of Germany June 6, 1944 – D-Day

  32. Rapid Soviet Advance From the East • Soviets also advance from the east. • In Jan. ‘44, the Red Army freed Leningrad from an 890-day German siege • 800,000 residents died in battle. • Soviets trek across Eastern Europe and take back territories the Nazis had occupied

  33. Germany Surrenders • Dec. ‘44, Hitler ordered a counterattack in Belgium. • The Battle of the Bulge was the last German offensive. • In March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine River and moved into the heart of Germany. • Meanwhile the Soviets pushed from the east, taking Berlin in April 1945. • On May 7, 1945, German leaders agreed to an unconditional surrender after Hitler had committed suicide April 1945

  34. Crimes Against Humanity • As Allies enter Germany they discover evidence of horrendous acts of humanity • The Nazi Holocaust – the deliberate extermination of millions of European Jews and other civilians. • The Nazis had killed 12 million people • 6 million were Jews The death camp at Auschwitz, On the sign it says Arbeit Macht Frei which means Work means freedom.

  35. War in the Pacific • May 1942, American warships defeat a Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Coral Sea. • Japanese fail in June to take Midway Islands American Fighters in the skies of Midway

  36. Guadalcanal • US Marines land in Guadalcanal in August 1942 • Americans took the first step in the long and bloody road to Tokyo • The struggle for Guadalcanal was fought at sea, on land, and in the air lasting six months. • Japanese resistance comes to an end in 1943

  37. Iwo Jima and Okinawa • Last of Japan’s island outposts fall • Iwo Jima in March ’45 • Okinawa in June ‘45 • US suffers over 20,000 casualties at Iwo Jima • Summer of ’45, Germans defeated, all Allied power was turned against Japan. • The conquest of the Japanese islands was left to the US

  38. The Yalta Conference • Feb. ‘45, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for the last time at Yalta, in the Soviet Union. • Agreed publicly that the US, GB, and the Soviet Union, along with France, should occupy Germany after the war Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

  39. Roosevelt’s Death • FDR looks pale and weak upon return from Yalta. • April 12, 1945, FDR dies at Warm Springs, GA. Caisson carrying the body of Franklin D. Roosevelt at his funeral in Hyde Park, New York, April 15, 1945.

  40. The United Nations • Two weeks after Roosevelt’s death, representatives of 50 nations met at San Francisco to make plans for a new world organization. • The meeting at San Francisco produced a charter for the United Nations and the United States became the first nation to join the UN

  41. Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Japan refuses to surrender • US tired of fighting • Decision made to use the atomic bomb to end quickly • Hiroshima - August 6, 1945 • Destroyed 60% of the city • Japan still refuses to surrender • US drops another bomb on the city of Nagasaki 3 days later • Final surrender took place on September 2, 1945. The bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945

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