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Overview of Hormones and the Endocrine System: Regulation and Signaling Mechanisms

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This chapter delves into the fascinating world of hormones and the endocrine system, exploring their critical role in regulating vital bodily functions such as reproduction, growth, metabolism, and behavior. It distinguishes between different types of signaling molecules, including endocrine hormones, local regulators, neurotransmitters, and pheromones. The chapter also examines the mechanisms by which hormones exert their effects through specific receptors on target cells, the complexity of signal transduction pathways, and the importance of feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis.

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Overview of Hormones and the Endocrine System: Regulation and Signaling Mechanisms

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  1. Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System

  2. Overview • Metamorphosis – controlled by hormones • Hormones – secreted into extracellular fluid/circulates in blood or hemolymph/communicates regulatory *messages • *only target cells have receptors

  3. Overview(con’t) • Hormones regulate – reproduction, growth, metabolism, behavior

  4. 45.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways • Types of Secreted Signaling Molecules 1. Hormones – endocrine vs exocrine 2. Local Regulators – paracrine vs autocrine signaling 3. Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones - synapse 4. Pheromones

  5. Intercellular Signaling

  6. Synaptic Signaling

  7. Neurohormones

  8. Pheromones

  9. Chemical Classes of Hormones • 1. polypeptides • 2. amines • 3. steroid hormones • Water soluble or lipid soluble • http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp42/4202s.swf • Center for BioMolecular Modeling • Action of Epinephrine on a Liver Cell • Thyroid Hormone Animation

  10. Scientific Inquiry • Location of receptors and their interaction with hormones??? • Rats and estradiol(radioactive form) • Frogs and melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH) • Fig. 45.4 – What if?

  11. Multiple Effects of Hormones • Water-soluble hormone – tissues vary in response due to different receptors or signal transduction pathways • Fig. 45.8 p. 980 • Lipid-soluble hormone – different effect on different target cells Ex) estrogen - different effect in different species Ex) thyroxine

  12. Signaling by Local Regulators • Cytokines • Growth factors • Nitric oxide • Prostaglandins

  13. Nitric Oxide

  14. Aspirin and prostaglandins

  15. 45.2 Negative feedback and antagonistic hormone pairs • A) Simple Hormone Pathways – low pH in duodenum  secretin  pancreas bicarbonate reduction in stimulus • B) Insulin and Glucagon – an antagonistic pair – see Fig. 45.12 p. 983 - alpha and beta cells of pancreas

  16. Control of Blood Glucose

  17. Diabetes Mellitus • Deficiency in insulin or a decreased response to insulin • Type I – autoimmune/insulin dependent/destroys beta cells • Type II – heredity and excess body weight/target cells are non-responsive • http://professional.diabetes.org/admin/UserFiles/0%20-%20Sean/FastFacts%20March%202013.pdf

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