1 / 60

Comprehensive Overview of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology: Treatments for Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea

This article explores gastrointestinal pharmacology, examining various treatments for conditions such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It delves into nonpharmacologic approaches, over-the-counter options like Pepto-Bismol and Dramamine, and prescription antiemetics. The section on diarrhea focuses on management strategies, the role of underlying diseases, and types of antidiarrheal therapies. The piece also discusses the importance of dietary fiber in preventing constipation, outlining the various classes of laxatives and their mechanisms. Understanding these treatments is crucial for effective gastrointestinal health management.

winter
Télécharger la présentation

Comprehensive Overview of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology: Treatments for Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. GASTROINTESTINALPHARMACOLOGY N V D C

  2. NAUSEA

  3. Motion sickness Viral Bacterial Food intolerance Surgery Pregnancy Pain Shock Drugs Radiation Middle Ear prob. VOMITING

  4. ASSESS

  5. NONPHARMACOLOGIC treatment

  6. OTC tx. Pepto Bismol

  7. "I think the CEO went to get the Dramamine !!!

  8. ANTIEMETICSantagonist to: • HISTAMINE • SEROTONIN • DOPAMINE • ACETYLCHOLINE

  9. PRESCRIPTION ANTIEMETICS • Antihistamines • Anticholinergics • Dopamine antagonists • Benzodiazapines • Serotonin Receptor antagonists • Cannabinoids • Miscellaneous p. 688-9

  10. EMETIC

  11. ADSORBENT

  12. Foods (spicy/spoiled) Fecal impaction Bacteria Toxins Drug reaction Laxative abuse Malabsorption syndrome Stress & anxiety Bowel tumor Inflammatory bowel dz. Diarrhea

  13. Diarrhea • Management and treatment directed at: • Diagnosis and treatment of underlying disease • Replacement of lost water and salts • Relief of cramping • Reducing the passage of unformed stools

  14. ASSESS

  15. Infectious Diarrhea • Usually self limited • Usually no treatment – antibiotics only when clearly indicated • Traveler’s diarrhea usually caused by E.coli • Treatment usually unnecessary – will run its course in 1-2 days • Prophylaxis possible with doxycycline, TMP-SMZ, and other antibiotics

  16. ANTIDIARRHEALS • OPIATES / OPIATE-RELATED • SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE • ADSORBENTS • MISCELLANEOUS pg. 696

  17. LAXATIVES

  18. ACTIONS • Ease or stimulate defecation • Soften stool • Hasten fecal passage through intestine • Facilitate evacuation of feces from rectum

  19. TERMINOLOGY • LAXATIVE • Production of a soft, formed stool over a period of one or more days • CATHARTICS/CATHARSIS • Prompt evacuation of bowel fluid

  20. CONSTIPATION • Determined primarily by stool consistency or degree of hardness • Frequency is of secondary importance • Principal cause: poor diet

  21. ROLE OF FIBER • Proper function of bowel highly dependent on dietary fiber • Best source = bran • Can also be obtained from fruits and vegetables • Fiber facilitates colon function by: • Absorbing water, thereby softening feces and increasing mass • Being digested by colonic bacteria, whose subsequent growth increases fecal bulk

  22. CAUSES • FECAL IMPACTION • BOWEL OBSTRUCTION • CHRONIC LAXATIVE USE • NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS • IGNORING URGE TO DEFECATE • LACK OF EXERCISE • DRUGS (ANTICHOLINERGICS, NARCOTICS ANTACIDS)

  23. INDICATIONS FOR LAXATIVE USE

  24. CONTRAINDICATIONS

  25. Non-PHARMACOLICtx of CONSTIPATION

  26. 4 TYPES • OSMOTICS (saline) 2. stimulants (contact or irritants) 3. Bulk – forming 4. Emollients (stool softeners)

  27. OSMOTIC LAXATIVES • Draws water into intestinal lumen causing fecal mass to soften and swell • High doses used to prepare bowel for surgery and diagnostic procedures; rid bowel of ingested poisons • Watery stool in 2-6 hours • Augment with increased fluid intake

  28. GLYCERIN • Softens and lubricates feces • Stimulates rectal contraction useful for reestablishing bowel function after chronic laxative abuse • Suppository formulation • Action in 30 minutes

  29. LACTULOSE • Reserved for patients who do not respond to bulk forming laxatives • Soft, formed stool in 1-3 days • Cramping and flatulence common • Expensive

  30. POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS • Indicated primarily for cleansing bowel prior to diagnostic procedures • Bowel movement approx. 1 hour after beginning treatment • Dosage volume = 4L • 250-300cc every 10 min. for 2-3 hours • Examples: CoLyte, GoLYTELY

More Related