PREHISTORY – 600 CE

1. PREHISTORY – 600 CE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION • HOMINID DEVELOPMENT • Early Hominids • Australopithecines • Homo Habilis • Homo Erectus • True Humans • Homo Sapiens • Neanderthal • Cro-Magnon • Homo Sapiens Sapiens • “Out of Africa” thesis

2. PREHISTORY – 600 CE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION • PALEOLITHIC ERA • Stone Age • Eras divided by tool usage • Use of natural material for tools • Early Tool making • Basic tools (clubs and axes) • More Advanced (hunting, clothing and defense) • Spears, fish hooks, harpoons, etc. • Pottery • Woven cloth • Better built structures (caves => huts and shelters)

3. PREHISTORY – 600 CE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION • HUNTING AND GATHERING • Families, clans, and tribes • Foraging Societies • Living off the resources of the environment • Mobile society that did have leadership, religion, culture, and gender divisions

4. PREHISTORY – 600 CE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION • NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION • End of Ice Age leads to increased population • Start providing their own food supply (settled agriculture) • Leads to “permanent” settlements, which require more sophisticated systems…

5. PREHISTORY – 600 CE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION • PASTORALISM AND HERDING • Domestication of animals • Food, clothing, labor • Nomadic herders (move around - animals needed to graze) • Less sophisticated…need fewer rules (less settled) • Took longer to develop society

6. PREHISTORY – 600 CE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION • DIFFUSION OF SETTLED AGRICULTURE • Middle East => Balkans => Nile => Northeast Africa => Continental Europe • People out of this link (Americas and Asia) develop independently • Diffusion of techniques (best practices and crops are shared from spot to spot) • Slash and Burn agriculture

7. PREHISTORY – 600 CE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVILIZATION • EARLY CITIES, METALLURGY, AND WRITING • As people settled, they occupied common areas…needed more complexity • Governments and religions • Use of the wheel (Middle East) and pottery • Productivity increases (specialization) • Growth of towns, villages, and cities • Jerricho and Catal Hayuk • Metal tools…plows, needles, shovels, saws • Mix of copper and tin to create bronze • Better tools, lasted longer • Replaced by Iron • Use of written word (poems, rituals, folktales, etc.) • First used by Sumerians (3500 BCE)

8. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS • Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates • Began by Sumerians and Babylonians • Central government ruled by priests • Use of cuneiform: Gilgamesh, Hammurabi legal code • Builders and craftspeople (used clay) • Ziggurats, canals, and dams • Advancements in math – base 60 (time and navigation) • Traders with large economic network

9. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS • Egypt – Nile • History began with King Menes • Division of long periods of time • Early Dynastic, Old Kingdom, New Kingdom • Invasion of Hyksos unite larger, more active Egypt • Lots of building projects and territorial acquisitions • Pharaoh – living incarnation of sun god • More rural than Mesopotamia • Women had a fair amount of privileges (Hatshepsut) • Sophisticated religion – mummification • Hieroglyphics and papyrus • Pyramids and monuments

10. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS • Indus Valley – NW India/Pakistan • Undeciphered language • Details about society are unknown • Very large, lots of cities • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro • Central governments • Large trading networks • Environmental (?) downfall

11. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS • China – Yellow River • Rivers are prime spot for agriculture • Establish dynasties (succession of emperors) • Shang Dynasty • Warrior aristocracy • Expanded borders • Trade networks (jade, ivory, silk) • Pictograms • Ancestor Worship • Zhou Dynasty • Longest lasting – ends at Warring States period • Preserve technology, make additions… • Mandate of Heaven, Confucianism, Daoism

12. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST • Hittites • Systematic use of iron weapons • Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians • First true empire; used cavalry • Ruthless and cruel rule • Nebuchadnezzar and Hanging Gardens • Persians (Iran) • Large Empire => network of roads, decentralized gov’t. • Satraps – regional governors • Cyrus (1st) => Darius (3rd) • Zoroastrianism • Fought wars with Greece • Conquered by Alexander the Great

13. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST (cont.) • Hebrews • Founders of Jewish religion • First to promote monotheism • Enslaved by Egyptians, conquered by Assyrians • Phoenicians and Lydians • Great cities (Tyre and Sidon) that traded timber and dye • Moved around the Mediterranean (great sailors) • Established Carthage • One of the dominant cities of it’s era • First true alphabet

14. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • GREECE AND ROME (FOUNDATIONS OF W. CIV.) • Greece • Minoan (Crete) and Mycenaean (mainland) • Trading Societies • Fought Trojan War • Dark Age in Greece • City-States • Mountains and islands kept cities from uniting • Most important: Athens (culture-politics) and Sparta (army) • Oligarchies and slavery • Pericles – leader of Athens, create democracy • Classical Period and Alexander the Great • Greeks go to war with Persia (x2, Persians defeated) • War’s between Athens and Sparta…leads to the rise of Macedonia and Alexander the Great (Hellenism)

15. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • GREECE AND ROME (FOUNDATIONS OF W. CIV.) • Greece • Culture (Hellenism) • Science, geometry, physics, math, astronomy • Literary masterpieces and philosophy • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • Established the modern scientific inquiry • Early Rome • Gained independence from Etruscans • Republic • Conflict between classes (plebians and patrichians) • Wars with Carthage (Punic Wars) • Series of civil wars – power shifts from senate to individual leaders (Caesar)

16. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • GREECE AND ROME (FOUNDATIONS OF W. CIV.) • Roman Empire • Began by Caesar Augustus (Octavian) • Huge economic and military growth • Empire splits into 2 parts (east and west) • Economy fails, Germanic invasions • Roman Society • Citizens vs. Non-Citizens (no civil rights) • Wealth was key to social standing (not birth status) • Wide use of slaves (Spartacus) • Paterfamilias • Women could divorce, own property, influence • Culture • Preserved Hellenic culture (foundations of West. Civ.) • Literature, philosophy, science, building-engineering • Law • Christianity

17. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • CHINA THROUGH HAN AND TANG DYNASTIES • Qin Dynasty • Shi Huangdi – first dictator, centralized country • Strong emperor with large bureaucracy • Modernized army (iron weapons, cavalry) • Roads and the Great Wall – Terracotta Warriors • Han Dynasty • Powerful, efficient government • Extended control of empire (beyond modern China) • Canal Systems and roads (travel and business) • Silk production leads to strong economy • Comparisons to Rome

18. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • CHINA THROUGH HAN AND TANG DYNASTIES • Sui Dynasty • Short lived but effective • Reunites China, Grand Canal, burst of military conquests • Tang Dynasty • Set up tributary system by Asian neighbors/conquests • Great economy, lots of trade (silk road) • Indian Ocean markets also important • Collapses because of rebellions and military disasters • Empire breaks up in independent states

19. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • CLASSICAL INDIA • Aryan Invasion • Northern people that move into subcontinent • Beginning of India’s history (?) • Conquered the southern people (Dravidians) • Components of new culture • Common language (Sanskrit) • Religion (Hindu and Vedic) • Caste system • Priests (Brahmin) • Warriors and Political Leaders • Commoners • Servants and Peasants • Untouchables

20. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • CLASSICAL INDIA • Mauryan Empire • First unified Indian State • Ashoka – Buddhism • Collapsed because of outside pressure/invasion • Gupta Empire • 500 years later… • Ruled northern and central India • Religious tolerance • Also collapsed because of outside forces • India remains decentralized until Muslim invaders

21. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • BYZANTIUM (Eastern part of Roman Empire) • Centered at Constantinople • Crossroads location made it important • Preserved Christianity in eastern Europe and Middle East • Blended Greek and Roman culture • Hagia Sophia • Would eventually lose power due to rapid expansion of Islam

22. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA • Bantu • From west-central Africa, but migrate throughout continent • Spread knowledge of agriculture and iron tools • Depended on the wealth of cattle • Nubia and Ghana • Nubia (Kush) – south of Egypt; lots of gold • Meroe – as Egypt declined, grew more powerful and independent • Ghana – west Africa (Atlantic coast); also a land of gold • Major trade spot south of the Sahara trade lines • Eventually conquered by Muslims

23. PREHISTORY – 600 CE MAJOR SOCIETIES, KINGDOMS, & EMPIRES • THE AMERICAS • Mexico and Central America • Olmec – east central Mexico • Impact on the civilizations that followed • Teotihuacan – Mexico City; very large city state • Eventually overtaken by the Mayan • South America • Peru (Andes mtns.) – Chavin, Moche, Huari, and Chimu • Skilled artisans (pottery, weaving, metalwork) • Urban societies (stratified) • North America • Mound builders – Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian • Anasazi – 4 corners, cliff dwellers

24. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS POLYTHEISM • HINDUISM • Synthesis of many religious traditions • Mixture of Aryan and native (Vedism) • Upanishads (900 BCE) outline concepts of religion • Ramayana and Mahabharata also outline key ideas • Beliefs: release the soul to join with the World Soul • Undergoing cycles is key to release (samsara) • Karma leads to place of birth…good deeds leads one closer and closer to release of soul • Leads to establishment /acceptance of the Caste System and Sati • Many gods and goddesses, manifestations of the World Soul

25. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS POLYTHEISM • BUDDHISM • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama • Philosophy or religion ? • Reduce the rituals involved with karma and reincarnation • 4 truths and 8 fold path to enlightenment • 2 groups of followers • Thervada – lack of emphasis on deities • Mahayana – blend with other religions, absorb deities, Buddha becomes god like

26. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS POLYTHEISM • DAOISM • Founded by Laozi • Perceive the world in antirational, non-logical ways • Individual concerns are more important than worldly things (money, politics, possessions) • Easily adapted to other religions and philosophies

27. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS POLYTHEISM • DAOISM • Founded by Laozi • Perceive the world in antirational, non-logical ways • Individual concerns are more important than worldly things (money, politics, possessions) • Easily adapted to other religions and philosophies

28. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS POLYTHEISM • ANCESTOR WORSHIP • PANTHEONS • Gods with personalities, responsible for different aspects of society • Greece, Rome, Vedic gods (India), Norse (Europe) BRIDGE TO MONOTHEISM • ZOROASTRIANISM • Worship only one god, Ahura Mazda • Enemy was Ahriman (god of darkness) • Cosmic struggle between good and evil

29. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS MONOTHEISM • JUDAISM • CHRISTIANITY • ISLAM • Muhammad • Principles of Faith • Expansion • Umma (community), caliph (leader) • Umayyad, followed by Abbasid • Sunni vs. Shiite