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Concept Mapping: An Introduction to Structured Conceptualization William Trochim

Learn the concept mapping technique to enhance group planning and decision-making processes. Explore how concept mapping helps manage complexity and promotes individual and group thinking. Discover innovative applications in corporate alignment and non-traditional partnerships.

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Concept Mapping: An Introduction to Structured Conceptualization William Trochim

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  1. Concept Mapping: An Introduction to Structured Conceptualization William Trochim Cornell University

  2. What is concept mapping? Focuses and helps objectify the group planning process Helps individuals think as a group... ...without losing their individuality Helps groups to manage complexity... ...without trivializing or losing detail A method that...

  3. innovations in way network is delivered • (investigate) corporate/structural alignment • assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) • expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's • continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) • inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) • access additional funds for telemedicine expansion • better utilization of current technological bridge • continued support by STHCS to member facilities • expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) • discussion with CCHN In about 4 hours of participant time a group can... ...Brainstorm a large set of issues...

  4. innovations in way network is delivered • (investigate) corporate/structural alignment • assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) • expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's • continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) • inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) • access additional funds for telemedicine expansion • better utilization of current technological bridge • continued support by STHCS to member facilities • expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) • discussion with CCHN sort Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Rating Sheet 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 1 2 3 4 5 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 Manage time effectively 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 rate brainstorm ...organize the issues...

  5. innovations in way network is delivered • (investigate) corporate/structural alignment • assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) • expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's • continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) • inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) • access additional funds for telemedicine expansion • better utilization of current technological bridge • continued support by STHCS to member facilities • expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) • discussion with CCHN sort Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Rating Sheet 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 1 2 3 4 5 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 Manage time effectively 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Technology 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Information Services rate Community & Consumer Views Regionalization Management STHCS as model Financing brainstorm …”map” the issues... organize

  6. better utilization of current technological bridge (8) • expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) (10) • patient information system to be shared by all members (19) • the STHCS will assess the status of all participant organization interface technology development and needs (20) • teleconference board meeting (21) • development of interface technology (30) • continued advancement of tech interface (44) • assure 100% board member access to wide area network (46) • utilize the televideo telecommunication, telemedicine to share resources/strengths (50) • establishment of a virtual network -- as an intranet originally and eventually an internet solution (61) Information Services Community & Consumer Views Regionalization Management Technology Financing STHCS as model

  7. innovations in way network is delivered • (investigate) corporate/structural alignment • assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) • expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's • continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) • inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) • access additional funds for telemedicine expansion • better utilization of current technological bridge • continued support by STHCS to member facilities • expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) • discussion with CCHN Information Services Technology sort Community & Consumer Views Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Rating Sheet 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 1 2 3 4 5 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 Manage time effectively 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Regionalization 1 2 3 4 5 rate Technology Information Services Community & Consumer Views Regionalization Financing Management Mission & Ideology Management STHCS as model Financing brainstorm organize map ...prioritize the issues...

  8. innovations in way network is delivered • (investigate) corporate/structural alignment • assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) • expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's • continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) • inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) • access additional funds for telemedicine expansion • better utilization of current technological bridge • continued support by STHCS to member facilities • expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) • discussion with CCHN Counties 1 & 2 County 3 4.23 4.4 Mission & Ideology Mission & Ideology sort Financing Financing Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Technology Regionalization Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 Regionalization Management Rating Sheet 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 1 2 3 4 5 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 Manage time effectively 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Information Services 1 2 3 4 5 Information Services rate Management Community & Consumer Views Community & Consumer Views Technology Technology Information Services 3.55 3.56 Community & Consumer Views r = .72 Regionalization Information Services Technology Management STHCS as model Financing Community & Consumer Views Regionalization Financing Management Mission & Ideology brainstorm organize map prioritize ...examine consensus...

  9. innovations in way network is delivered • (investigate) corporate/structural alignment • assist in the development of non-traditional partnerships (Rehab with the Medicine Community) • expand investigation and knowledge of PSN'S/PSO's • continue STHCS sponsored forums on public health issues (medicine managed care forum) • inventory assets of all participating agencies (providers, Venn Diagrams) • access additional funds for telemedicine expansion • better utilization of current technological bridge • continued support by STHCS to member facilities • expand and encourage utilization of interface programs to strengthen the viability and to improve the health care delivery system (ie teleconference) • discussion with CCHN 5 76 Feasibility sort 33 75 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 25 34 4.23 4.4 37 Work quickly and effectively under pressure 49 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 2.6 22 10 17 62 Rating Sheet 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 1 2 3 4 5 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 1 2 3 4 5 45 1 2 3 4 5 1 Manage time effectively 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1.8 3.55 3.56 rate r = .72 1.2 2.47 Importance 4.8 Technology Information Services Community & Consumer Views Regionalization Information Services Technology Management STHCS as model Financing Community & Consumer Views Regionalization Financing Management Mission & Ideology brainstorm organize map …and “drill back down” to details for prioritizing action prioritize

  10. Concept Mapping (Sorting input) To organizethe issues Measurement (Rating input) To observe expectations and results Pattern Matching and Go Zones To linkexpectations and results, importance and capacity Concept Mapping Process

  11. Concept Mapping to organize • identify group shared vision • represent group ideas pictorially • encourage teamwork • facilitate group decision making Uses information from individuals to:

  12. To begin… 1. Prepare Project: Develop a focus • “A specific issue that is relevant to the mental health of women and girls is . . ." ...focus

  13. Participants Contribute Knowledge and Opinion 1. Prepare Project • Body image issues- (breast size, hair color/texture, nose, other physical features vs external valuation of "beauty"). (9) • The development and evaluation of Internet-based interventions that can be accessed by women anywhere, anytime. (31) • The impact of race, ethnicity, culture, class, sexual orientation and age on the expression of symptoms. (54) • Lack of encouragement and opportunity at the elementary, middle and high school levels for career opportunities that girls can aspire to. (61) • Lack of parity for mental health care coverage. (102) 2. Generate Ideas

  14. Rating Sheet Rating Sheet Rating Sheet Rating Sheet 1 Manage time effectively 1 Manage time effectively 1 Manage time effectively 1 Manage time effectively 2 Manage resources effectively. 2 Manage resources effectively. 2 Manage resources effectively. 2 Manage resources effectively. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 4 Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 5 Organize the work when directions are not specific. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 Manage time effectively 1 Manage time effectively 1 Manage time effectively 1 Manage time effectively 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 3 Scan a multitude of information and decide what is important. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Participants Build the Conceptual Framework 1. Prepare Project sort Decide how to manage multiple tasks. 20 Manage resources effectively. 4 Work quickly and effectively under 2. Generate Ideas Organize the work when directions are not specific. 39 3. Structure Ideas rate

  15. Technology Information Services Community & Consumer Views Regionalization Management Mission & Ideology Financing Area 1 Area 2 4.22 4.4 Mission & Ideology Mission & Ideology Financing Financing Regionalization Technology Management Regionalization Information Services Information Services Community & Consumer Management Technology Community & Consumer 3.47 3.56 r = .51 The Process Turns Knowledge into Data 1. Prepare Project 2. Generate Ideas 3. Structure Ideas 4. Compute Maps

  16. Processes/ Methodology And Data Into Meaning 1. Prepare Project Technical Issues Graphical User Interface Documentation Client Issues Change Control Personal Awareness Team Issues & Skill Management 2. Generate Ideas 5. Interpret Maps 3. Structure Ideas 4. Compute Maps

  17. Area 1 Area 2 4.22 4.4 Mission & Ideology Mission & Ideology Financing Financing Regionalization Technology Management Regionalization Information Services Information Services Community & Consumer Views Management Technology Community & Consumer Views 3.47 3.56 r = .51 Meaning Into Action, Policy, and Evaluation 1. Prepare Project 6. Utilize Maps 2. Generate Ideas 5. Interpret Maps 3. Structure Ideas 4. Compute Maps

  18. The emerging structure… Housing Continuum Workforce Transportation Capacity of Community Services Caregiving Special Needs & Mental Health Access to Benefits Gerotechnology Communication Impairments Economic Security Attitudes Towards Aging Engaged Lifestyle …contains all the details and provides a conceptual framework.

  19. How Did We Build These Results? • The Raw Materials: • Statements • Sort Input from each participant • The Tools • Aggregation of Sort Data • Similarity Matrix • Multidimensional Scaling • Hierarchical cluster analysis • Anchoring/Bridging Analysis

  20. Sort for one participant Binary, square similarity matrix Total square similarity matrix across participants Representation

  21. 5 1 2 4 0 1 1 3 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Input: A square matrix of relationships among a set of entities 13 17 16 22 18 3 24 23 38 27 43 26 12 8 50 52 25 44 6 36 37 41 29 30 34 7 35 Output: An n-dimensional mapping of the entities 51 47 42 31 28 10 33 54 45 32 14 39 1 40 11 46 49 48 4 9 56 55 20 19 5 21 53 15 Multidimensional Scaling

  22. If 4 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 If 3 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 If 2 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 1 If 1 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 If 0 out of 5 people grouped statement 1 with 2 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 1 5 1 2 2 1 5 0 3 2 0 5

  23. 2 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 1 5 1 2 2 1 5 0 3 2 0 5 1

  24. 3 3 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 1 5 1 2 2 1 5 0 3 2 0 5 2 1

  25. 4 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 2 4 2 1 5 0 0 3 2 0 5 3 4 4 0 3 5 3 2 1

  26. y 3 2 4 1 Coordinate Matrix x x y 1 2.8 1.0 2 5.9 3.2 3 1.1 3.2 4 1.9 1.3 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 2 4 2 1 5 0 0 3 2 0 5 3 4 4 0 3 5 A map can be depicted as a coordinate matrix

  27. 2 c b 1 a 4 Coordinate Matrix x y 1 2.8 1.0 2 5.9 3.2 3 1.1 3.2 4 1.9 1.3 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 2 4 2 1 5 0 0 3 2 0 5 3 4 4 0 3 5 y 3 2 A map can be depicted as a coordinate matrix 1 x And from the coordinates we can compute the distances between all pairs of points a2 + b2 = c2 a = difference between x values b = difference between y values c = distance

  28. 4 Coordinate Matrix x y 1 2.8 1.0 2 5.9 3.2 3 1.1 3.2 4 1.9 1.3 Distance Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 0.0 3.2 2.8 1.1 2 3.2 0.0 4.8 4.6 3 2.8 4.8 0.0 2.1 4 1.1 4.6 2.1 0.0 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 2 4 2 1 5 0 0 3 2 0 5 3 4 4 0 3 5 y 3 2 And can show these as a matrix of distances between points A map can be depicted as a coordinate matrix 1 x And from the coordinates we can compute the distances between all pairs of points a2 + b2 = c2 a = difference between x values b = difference between y values c = distance

  29. Stress Is the relationship between the similarity input matrix and the distances on the map 4 Coordinate Matrix x y 1 2.8 1.0 2 5.9 3.2 3 1.1 3.2 4 1.9 1.3 Distance Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 0.0 3.2 2.8 1.1 2 3.2 0.0 4.8 4.6 3 2.8 4.8 0.0 2.1 4 1.1 4.6 2.1 0.0 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 2 4 2 1 5 0 0 3 2 0 5 3 4 4 0 3 5 y 3 2 And can show these as a matrix of distances between points A map can be depicted as a coordinate matrix 1 x And from the coordinates we can compute the distances between all pairs of points a2 + b2 = c2 a = difference between x values b = difference between y values c = distance

  30. Stress Is the relationship between the similarity input matrix and the distances on the map Similarities Distances 1,1 5 1,2 1 1,3 2 1,4 4 2,2 5 2,3 0 2,4 0 3,3 5 3,4 3 4,4 5 1,1 0.0 1,2 3.2 1,3 2.8 1,4 1.1 2,2 0.0 2,3 4.8 2,4 4.6 3,3 0.0 3,4 2.1 4,4 0.0 Distance Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 0.0 3.2 2.8 1.1 2 3.2 0.0 4.8 4.6 3 2.8 4.8 0.0 2.1 4 1.1 4.6 2.1 0.0 Multidimensional Scaling Similarity Matrix 1 2 3 4 1 5 1 2 4 2 1 5 0 0 3 2 0 5 3 4 4 0 3 5 Low stress values means there is a greater correspondence between the similarities and the map

  31. Multidimensional Scaling • Directionality • Does MDS know North from South? • Dimensionality • Why only two dimensions? • Stress • How much does it really matter?

  32. Cluster Analysis • Hierarchical • clusters get built in a tree-like method • Agglomerative • builds toward all items in one pile (divisive - all start in one and divide) • Clustering criterion • the rule used to decide the next cluster merge • Ward’s algorithm • Number of Clusters

  33. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1

  34. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 1 + 6

  35. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 2 1 + 6 5 + 7

  36. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 2 3 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10

  37. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 2 3 4 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8

  38. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 2 3 4 5 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4

  39. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4 2 + (9 + 10)

  40. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4 2 + (9 + 10) ((1 + 6) + 8)) + (3 + 4)

  41. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4 2 + (9 + 10) ((1 + 6) + 8)) + (3 + 4) (5 + 7) + ((2 + (9 + 10))

  42. 1 6 8 3 4 7 5 9 10 2 10 9 8 7 Number of Clusters 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cluster Analysis 7 5 8 9 10 1 6 2 3 4 Merge Points Merged 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 + 6 5 + 7 9 + 10 (1 + 6) + 8 3 + 4 2 + (9 + 10) ((1 + 6) + 8)) + (3 + 4) (5 + 7) + ((2 + (9 + 10)) (((1 + 6) + 8)) + (3 + 4)) + (5 + 7) + ((2 + (9 + 10))

  43. What is the Bridging Value? tells you whether the statement was sorted with others that are close to it on the map or whether it was sorted with items that are farther away on the map.

  44. The Bridging Value • Helps us interpret what content is associated with specific areas of the map • Statements with lower bridging values are generally better indicators of the meaning of their part of the map than statements with higher bridging values • Statements with higher bridging values means statement is a bridge between different areas on map

  45. Compute Bridging Values • A bridging value always ranges from 0 to 1 • The bridging values are computed after the map is computed. • The cluster bridging value is simply the average bridging value across all statements in a cluster.

  46. Bridging Value, Step 1 1. We begin by computing the proportion of sorters who put point i and j together in a pile: • where • sij = number of sorters who placed point i and j together in the same pile • m = total number of sorters • pij = proportion of sorters who placed point i and j together in the same pile

  47. Bridging Value, Step 2 2. We compute the Euclidean Distance between all pairs of standardized points: • Where • xi = MDS x-coordinate for point i • yi = MDS y-coordinate for point i • xj = MDS x-coordinate for point j • yj = MDS y-coordinate for point j • dij = standardized Euclidean Distance between points i and j

  48. Bridging Value, Step 3 3. We compute the unstandardized bridging value: • where • bi = bridging raw value for point i • pij = proportion of sorters who placed point i and j together in the same pile • dij = standardized Euclidean Distance between points i and j

  49. Bridging Value, Step 4 4. Normalize the bridging raw value: • Where • bi = bridging raw value for point i • min(b) = minimum of the bi values • max(b)= maximum of the bi values • bi = standardized bridging value

  50. Sort Pile Label Analysis • finds the “best fitting” sort pile label for a cluster • done after the map is computed • based on centroid computations

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