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Pakistan: Islamization and authoritarianism

Pakistan: Islamization and authoritarianism. The historical context. Pakistan much weaker than India after independence Failure of the democratic experiment , emergence of authoritarianism and a growing role of Islamic ideology India, success of democracy and secular ideology.

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Pakistan: Islamization and authoritarianism

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  1. Pakistan: Islamization and authoritarianism

  2. The historicalcontext • Pakistan muchweakerthan India afterindependence • Failure of the democraticexperiment, emergence of authoritarianism and a growingrole of Islamicideology • India, success of democracy and secularideology

  3. The roots of Pakistani instability • Geographical factor • Industrial deficit • Military weakness • Psychological weakness • Ideological ambiguity • Weakness of the “dominant party”

  4. Geographical factor • Cultural diversity (language, ethnicity, forms of islamic devotion) between the two wings of the country • Geo-political diversity (Middle East and South-East Asia)

  5. Industrial deficit • Pakistani rural economy; main industries located in India • Indian Muslims less active in industry and commerce as compared the Hindus • Partition takes away from Pakistan the industrial class and the centres of manufacturing • Industrial unbalance between West and East Pakistan

  6. Military weakness • Failed agreement India-Pakistan on the division of military assets (question of “Native States”: Kashmir) • Lack of strategic depth and geo-political isolation • Indian “police” operations: Hyderabad, Junagad, 1947-8 • Pakistani attempt to procure weapons in the international market

  7. Psychological weakness • Pakistan as a secessionist State • India as the heir of the international status of British India

  8. Ideological ambiguity: Islam and national identity • Ambiguity between nationalism and Islam in the 1940s • Different perceptions of Islam in Pakistani politics: - The military and the bureaucracy - The modernist élite - The religious parties (ulema and the islamists: differences)

  9. The role of the “dominant party” • Historical legitimacy of the Muslim League • The party and the territory • Rivalry between politicians and ulema

  10. The problem of the refugees • In India: marginal impact of the refugees • In Pakistan: heavy impact on the State • Tendency to postpone national elections • Ethnic tension between “refugees” e “locals” (muhajir, panjabi, sindhi) • “Refugees mentality” (strong state, fear of India)

  11. The main consequences • The buraucratic-military axis takes control of the State institutions - The “vice-regal” tradition - The “Punjab tradition” • Pakistani (secular) élites look to Islam as an instrument of State- and society-building

  12. Sacralization of political discourse • The creation of a political arena for the religious parties

  13. The making of a religious-political élite • Ulema and Islamist parties in Pakistan: from refusal of nationalism to pro-State faction (Jamiat-ul-ulema and Jama’at-i-islami) • Questioning the “islamicity” of Pakistan in the 1950s • The “Islamic Constitution” debate • The minorities debate (Ahmadiya)

  14. 1958-1971: the military take control of politics

  15. Islam and the State, 1970s-1990s • A dynamic relationship • The religious parties’ attempt to influence the State institutions (from inside and outside) • The State’s attempt to control the religious-political arena

  16. Two main examples: • The Bhutto years (1972-77): the 1973 Constitution and the definition of a “Muslim” • The Zia years and Islamization (1977-88)

  17. Zia’s program of Islamization • The ideological change in the army in the 1960s • The motives behind Zia’s coup • The Islamization program • The hudood and zakat ordinances and their consequences

  18. Conclusion • Islam in Pakistan: more a pillar of the State than an anti-State force • The case of the radical jihadist organization

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