SS7H3c

1. SS7H3c Explain the role of the United States in the rebuilding of Japan after WWII.

2. Read pages 722-723 in your textbook What was the Meiji Restoration and what did it do?

3. The world goes to war!!! Japan, with its new found power, practiced imperialism. They wanted a piece of the world pie just as they had seen the Western powers do for so long. They formed friendships with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Overview WWII 1 ½ minutes America Joins the War 10 minutes The Path to Infamy 4 minutes

4. Events and turning points in the Pacific What were some of the events and turning points of the war in the Pacific during WWII? Achieving Victory in the Pacific 9 minutes

5. The secret to Allied success!

6. SS7H3c Explain the role of the United States in the rebuilding of Japan after WWII. After WWII 4 minutes

7. WHY did the U.S. decide to help Japan rebuild after WWII? • To prevent the spread of communism from the Soviet Union. The US belief in the Domino Theory led to the US Cold War foreign policy of “containment.” • Economic interests and benefits from Japan • To prevent Japan from rebuilding their military and becoming another Germany.

8. HOW did the U.S. help Japan rebuild after WWII? • the U.S. loaned the Japanese government large sums of money • The U.S. helped Japan write a new constitution known as the MacArthur Constitution. • The U.S. shared technology related to electronics with Japan.

9. What did Japan’s new constitution do? • Set up a constitutional monarchy where the emperor, previously thought of as a god, was allowed to keep his position but was stripped of all powers. • Set up a two house legislative branch known as the Diet. The majority party chooses the Prime Minister. • People were granted universal suffrage (voting rights) where men and women 20 and over could vote. Women were not allowed to vote before. • A clause states that Japan is not allowed to declare war. They can only fight if attacked first. However, they have helped the U.S. in the Middle East.

10. SS7H3d Describe the impact of Communism in China in terms of Mao Zedong, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and Tiananmen Square.

11. The primary leaders of the civil war in China were . . . • Who was Chiang Kai-shek? • Who was Mao Zedong?

12. Chiang Kai-shek: Led the unification of China (Nationalist party) - led the KMT government in exile in Taiwan- Mao’s rival • Mao Zedong: Leader of the Communist Party – creator of the new China, studied revolutionary ideas very early in his life

13. 1945-1949: Communist Revolution • In 1921, Mao Zedong formed the first Communist Party. They were in opposition to the ruling Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) who had successfully replaced the Qing Dynasty and ended over 2000 years of dynastic rule in 1912. • The Nationalists tried to defeat Mao who was severely outnumbered. He believed that his success would come by the hands of the peasants in the countryside. • In 1933, Mao led his followers, approximately 100,000 people into the mountains of northwest China to escape defeat. In all, they traveled over 6000 miles in what is known as the Long March. • When the Japanese surrendered, the Nationalists and the Communists began a mad scramble to seize territory that had been occupied by the Japanese. The two sides were not only interested in territory but the arsenals and technology that the Japanese had left behind. Chiang Kai-shek

14. Mao Zedong Takes Control! • The tide had turned in favor of the communists. The Nationalist Army had been spreading its troops thin in the conquered areas, weakening their ability to fight the Red Army (Communists). • The Red Army had been steadily growing all throughout 1946 and 1947 as peasants from all over the countryside joined Mao’s army. • As the Communist army grew, they inflicted heavier and heavier losses on Nationalist forces. In the last year of the civil war, the Nationalists suffered over a million and a half casualties. In the face of such staggering losses, the Nationalist Army simply disintegrated in mid-1949. • On October 1, 1949, Mao declared the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Kai-shek and the Nationalists fled to Formosa (Taiwan) and set up their government there. The conflict still goes on. Mao-Zedong

15. 1958: The Great Leap Forward • When Mao took over, he also took over privately owned land. Anyone who opposed was “taken care of.” • The Great Leap Forward took place in 1958. The Great Leap Forward was Mao’s attempt to modernize China’s economy so that China would have an economy that rivaled America. • The Great Leap Forward planned to develop agriculture and industry. Mao believed that both had to grow to allow the other to grow. To allow for this, China was reformed into a series of collectives, or communes. • The size of a collective varied but most contained about 5000 families. The life of an individual was controlled by the collective. Schools, nurseries, and “Houses of Happiness” were provided by the communes so that all adults could work.

16. Problems . . . • By the end of 1958, private property had been ruthlessly seized and 700 million people had been placed into collectives. • In 1959, things started to go wrong. Political decisions/beliefs took precedence over common sense and collectives faced the task of doing things which they were not able to accomplish. Collective leaders, who knew what their collective was capable of doing or not, could be charged and imprisoned if he complained. • Quickly produced farm machinery made in factories and backyards fell to pieces when used. Many thousands of workers were injured after working long hours, falling asleep at their jobs, and generally lacking the skills to do their jobs.

17. 1958: China’s Great Leap Forward • The excellent growing weather of 1958 was followed by a very poor growing year in 1959. Some parts of China were hit by floods. In other growing areas, drought was a major problem. In addition, China was exporting grain to Russia for industrial equipment. • 1960 had even worse weather than 1959. Nine million people are thought to have starved to death in 1960 alone. Between 1959 and 1962, it is thought that 20-30 million people died of starvation or diseases related to starvation. • Some party members put the blame of the failure of the Great Leap Forward on Mao. He was popular with the people but he still had to resign from his position as Head of State (though he remained in the powerful Party Chairman position). Great Leap Forward 3 minutes

18. What to do next? • The day-to-day running of China was left to three men. In late 1960, they abandoned the Great Leap Forward. Ownership of land was given back to individuals and communes were cut down to a manageable size. • These three leaders had cut down on Mao’s power but his reputation among the ordinary Chinese people was still great because he was seen as the leader of the revolution. He was to use this popularity with the people to gain back his authority at the expense of the new leaders. This was in the so-called Cultural Revolution.

19. 1966-1976: The Chinese Cultural Revolution • In 1966, after spending years studying political economy and the classics of Chinese history, Mao was ready to act. • Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in August of 1966 in front of the Central Committee when he called for Red Guards to challenge Communist Party officials for their lack of revolutionary vision. • Mao and his group of radicals regained full control of the government.

20. Cultural Revolution cont. • He told students to leave school and make war on anything in Chinese society that encouraged different social classes. They were to revolt against “The Four Olds”: old culture, old habits, old ideas, old customs. • These students were known as Red Guards. It was their job to remove anyone who was preventing China from becoming a true Communist nation. • Business managers, teachers, and even some government officials were singled out. They were put through “struggle sessions” while some were put in prison and still others killed.

21. Discussion questions - TOD -Chiang Kai-Shek? -Mao Zedong? -Who won the Civil War – where did KS go? -Communes/Collectives? -What was the Great Leap Forward & why did it fail?

22. The Changing of the Guard • After years of turmoil and power struggle in China involving offshoots of Mao’s revolutionary group—including the radical group led by Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, Mao died in September of 1976. • A coalition of army and political leaders united and arrested Jiang Qing and her radical supporters called the Gang of Four. • In 1977, Deng Xiaoping emerges as the supreme leader of the People's Republic of China. Cultural Revolution and Red Guards 1 ½ minutes

23. As you watch Mao: Declassified, write down five things in your notes that you did not already know about Mao’s rise to power, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution.

24. 1989: Tiananmen Square • Several hundred civilians were shot by the Chinese army during a bloody military operation to crush a democratic uprising in Peking's (Beijing) Tiananmen Square. • Demonstrators, mainly students, had occupied the square for seven weeks, refusing to move until their demands for democratic reform were met. • The military offensive came after several failed attempts to persuade the protesters to leave. The government warned it would do whatever it saw necessary to clamp down on what it described as "social chaos". • The demonstrations in Tiananmen Square have been described as the greatest challenge to the communist government in China since the 1949 revolution.

25. T-Square . . . • It has been suggested that the Communist leader Deng Xiaoping personally ordered the operation as a way of shoring up his leadership. • Hundreds were killed although it is unlikely a precise number will ever be known. • Reports also suggest that much of the violence actually occurred in surrounding areas as opposed to the confrontation at the Square itself. • Peking has since become more widely known as Beijing (the capital). China, Tiananmen Square 5 ½ minutes

26. SS7H3a and H3b • H3a: Describe how nationalism led to independence in India and Vietnam. • H3b: Describe the impact of Mohandas Gandhi’s belief in non-violent protest.

27. Mughal Empire • The Mughal Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. • The Mughals brought many changes to India, two of which were centralizing government to bring many smaller kingdoms together, and a style of architecture that was very intricate and extravagant (Taj Mahal). The Taj Mahal marks the peak of the Mughal Empire, it symbolizes stability, power and confidence.

28. The British are coming, the British are coming!

29. British in India • A group of British traders called the East India Company first came to India at the beginning of the 17th century. At this time, India was ruled by the Muslim Mughal Empire. • The British hoped to gain huge profits from their control of the Indian economy. To make sure that they profited from controlling trade with India, the British not only controlled the most valuable spice trade, but often pushed farmers to grow cash crops such as cotton and tea. • Although many farmers agreed to Britain’s request and grew the cash crops, they didn’t end up sharing in the profits. Furthermore, because the farmers had devoted their lands to growing non-edible rather than edible crops, they soon found that they often couldn’t produce enough food to feed their own families.

30. British in India • By the end of the 17th century it had effective authority over the three main ports in India. The power of the British spread across India and by the 1850’s, almost the entire country was under its total control. • The East India Company continued its business affairs and India came to be known as “The Jewel in the Crown” since it was the most profitable British colony.

31. The Sepoy Rebellion • Sepoys were Indian troops that served in the British army. In 1857, the British issued new ammunition to the Sepoys. The new cartridges had to be bitten off before they could be used; however, the cartridges were greased in beef and pork fat. Most of the Sepoys were Hindus or Muslims; since cows are sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden for Muslims, the Sepoys refused to use the new ammunition. • General discontent with the increasing British domination over India turned the incident into a full-scale rebellion. Intense fighting often broke out, and it took the British ten months to end the rebellion. • Indian soldiers took over a British fort and massacred 200 women and children. However, in the end, the Sepoy Rebellion, also called the First War for Independence by Indians, or simply “The Mutiny” by the British, “strengthened the British hold on India.” • In 1858, India (and the East India Company) officially handed power over to the British crown giving Queen Victoria a new state and title, the Queen-Empress.

32. Battle for Independence • The decades following the Sepoy Rebellion and the transfer of power to the actual British government, nationalism started to grow in India, followed by a boycott of British goods. • World War I did not help the British in gaining back Indian support, and in 1919 Mohandas Gandhi gained control of the Congress. • After a riot and the imprisonment of Gandhi in the late twenties, Jawaharlal Nehru was elected president of the Congress. Nehru was very supportive of the freedom cause, but was very Western in his ideas about technology and industry and was liked by the British. • In August of 1947, after a long struggle for freedom and what some say was a WWII fighting/ally agreement between India and the British, India gained its independence and Nehru became its first prime minister.

33. Gandhi • "Nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man." – Gandhi

34. Gandhi and the fight for independence in India • Gandhi took the lead in the long struggle for independence from Britain. He never wavered in his unshakable belief in nonviolent protest and religious tolerance. • When fellow Muslim and Hindu countrymen committed acts of violence, whether against the British who ruled India, or against each other, he fasted until the fighting stopped. • Independence, when it came in 1947, was not a military victory, but a triumph of human will. To Gandhi's disappointment, however, the country was split into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. • The last two months of his life were spent trying to end the horrible violence which followed, leading him to fast to the brink of death, an act which finally ended the riots. • In January 1948, at the age of 79, he was killed by an assassin as he walked through a crowded garden in New Delhi to take evening prayers.

35. What other leaders have we talked about who remind you of Gandhi?

36. The partitioning of India • The territory where 145 million Pakistani Muslims now live belonged to India prior to a blood-soaked partition. • The partition that created Pakistan uprooted 10 million Sikhs (a religion that mixes Islam and Hindu practices) and Hindus, whose ancestors had lived there for generations or even centuries, and sent them running to India for their lives. • Likewise, millions of Muslims fled India into Pakistan, because they were no longer welcomed in the land of their birth. • The partition planned by the British without much thought (does this sound like the Berlin Conference?) and migrations that followed pitted Muslims northwest of the border against Hindus and Sikhs on the other side. The mutual hatred and distrust between the two rivals has led to three wars since and a race for nuclear weapons to obliterate the other side. • By the way, both sides have nuclear capability today . . .

37. India, the Struggle for Freedom 14 minutes

38. SS7H3e Explain the reasons for foreign involvement in Korea and Vietnam in terms of containment of Communism.

39. 1950: The Korean War (the Forgotten War) • The Yalta Agreement toward the end of WWII between the US, Soviet Union, and Great Britain said that each country would occupy the lands where their troops were when the war ended, restore peace, and hold free elections to let citizens in those lands choose their type of government. The three allies would then withdraw from those countries. The Soviets had other plans. • The Korean War, from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. It was also born from the Cold War. Korean War Memorial in Washington D. C.

40. Korean War cont. . . • The cause of the Korean War has long been a matter of debate. At the time, the American government believed that communist countries were unified, and that North Korea acted as a pawn of the Soviet Union. • Kim Il-Sung (leader of North Korea) invaded South Korea with Soviet support (no soldiers). Syngman Rhee was the President of South Korea at the time. Kim Il Sung Syngman Rhee

41. Read pages 188-190 in the Coach book. • Explain the situation in Korea after WWII. • Answer: The Soviet Union was given control of North Korea, and the United States was given control of South Korea. Both created governments in their own image. • Where is the division of North and South Korea? • Answer: the 38th parallel • What is the name of the region surrounding the 38th parallel? • Answer: the DMZ (demilitarized zone) which is guarded by hundreds of thousands of Korean troops, including 38,000 US troops.

42. Korean War continued . . . • What evidence exists that the Korean War has NOT ended? • Answer: An armistice, or truce, was declared but a peace treaty has never been signed which is why the DMZ is still guarded so heavily. • Why was the US involved? • Answer: The Domino Theory--the belief that if one nation fell to communism, then others in the area would follow. • What were the two fought over capitals of North and South Korea? • Answer: Pyongyang and Seoul • Fill in the blanks: President __________ dismissed WWII hero ____________ during the Korean War. President ____________ finally was able to get an end to the fighting and bring US troops home. • Answer: Truman, General Douglas MacArthur, Eisenhower

43. With your knowledge of the Korean War and as you watch Communism vs. Democracy: The Korean War, write down anything you know or see that was a result of distrust between the Soviet Union and the United States (communism vs. democracy). Korean War 9 minutes

44. SS7H3e Explain the reasons for foreign involvement in Korea and Vietnam in terms of containment of Communism.

45. Indochina

46. Independence for Indochina • While Gandhi was lifting the hopes of Indians for independence, the French controlled the colony known as Indochina, which is today’s Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. • A man by the name of Ho Chi Minh organized the Indochinese Communist Party in the 1930s. He thought communism may be the way to go for independence since they were outspoken against European colonial rule. • Review document 10 from the Ho Chi Minh primary source sheet. How would you compare him to Gandhi? • During WWII, the Japanese moved in and controlled this region as well as much of the rest of Southeast Asia.

47. Independence for Indochina • Once the Japanese were defeated, the French took back control; however, the nationalist movement led by Minh had taken root. • Minh declared independence for Vietnam, but the French had other ideas and war followed. Under Ho Chi Minh’s leadership, Communist fighters finally defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. First Indochina War, 1954 2 ½ minutes

48. Independence for Indochina • The US did not want Ho Chi Minh ruling Vietnam for fear of the Domino Theory—If one country becomes communist, its neighbors are sure to follow. This was part of the US foreign policy of “Containment.” • As a result, the international community—including Vietnam decided to partition Vietnam into a communist north as well as a southern half with a decision on the type of government to come sometime in the future, a decision to be made by the people. • This set the stage for the Vietnam War just a few years later.

49. North Vietnam – communist, Ho Chi Minh as leader We were fearful of communism being spread, but we didn’t get involved in a war until our naval ships were attacked in Gulf of Tonkin. South Vietnam – democracy, US as supporters – Viet Cong an enemy

50. 1960s and early 1970s: The Vietnam War • With a goal of stopping the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, America replaced France in South Vietnam. • With Ho Chi Minh determined to reunite Vietnam, Lyndon Baines Johnson (President of the United States) determined to prevent it, and South Vietnam on the verge of collapse, the stage was set for massive escalation of the Vietnam War. • Despite technically being neutral, both of Vietnam's smaller neighbors were drawn into the war, suffered massive bombings, and, in the case of Cambodia, endured a post-war holocaust of nightmarish proportions. • South Vietnamese leaders believed that America would never let them go down to defeat - a belief that died as North Vietnamese tanks smashed into Saigon on April 30, 1975, and the long war ended with South Vietnam's surrender.