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LOCOMOTION & REGULATION

LOCOMOTION & REGULATION. Locomotion . Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. Why would organisms carry out locomotion? Motile = capable of locomotion Sessile = organisms NOT capable of locomotion. Locomotive System.

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LOCOMOTION & REGULATION

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  1. LOCOMOTION & REGULATION

  2. Locomotion • Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. • Why would organisms carry out locomotion? • Motile = capable of locomotion • Sessile = organisms NOT capable of locomotion

  3. Locomotive System • The locomotive system consists of a skeletal system, muscular system and a nervous system.

  4. Human Skeletal System

  5. Skeletal System • Humans have 206 bones • Babies have MORE • Bones are made of calcium and phosphorus • Bones support and protect body structures • Can be endoskeletal OR exoskeletal • Osteoporosis is loss of bone mass due to lack of calcium

  6. Cartilage • Found between bones • Acts as a cushion between bones • A developing embryo has cartilage instead of bone • Gives ears and nose their shape • Arthritis is deteriorating cartilage

  7. Muscles • Humans have over 300 muscles • Muscles work by contracting (shortening) or by relaxing • Muscles are found as opposing pairs • Flexors-contract (ex. Bicep) • Extensors-relax/expand (ex. Tricep)

  8. Flexor and Extensor

  9. Types of Muscle • There are three types of muscle cells • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth

  10. Skeletal Muscle • Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle • Found surrounding bones • Looks striped • Controls voluntary movements

  11. Skeletal Muscle

  12. Cardiac Muscle • Cardiac muscle is found in the heart • Cardiac muscles are involuntary, but look like striated muscle

  13. Smooth Muscle • Smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle • Found in the walls of internal organs • Control involuntary movements • Ex. Stomach, Small intestine, arteries, lymph vessels, etc…

  14. Connective Tissue • There are three kinds of connective tissues that connect bones and muscles together. • Ligaments • Tendons • Joints

  15. Ligaments • Ligaments • Connect bone to bone • Think “L” for Ligament • A sprain is an over stretched ligament

  16. Tendons • Connects muscles to bones • Tendonitis is an inflammation of a tendon

  17. Joints • Where two bones meet • 3 kinds of joints • Immovable (fixed) • Hinge • Ball and socket • Gliding • Pivot

  18. Joints • Immovable • No movement • Found in cranium/skull

  19. Joints • Hinge • Movement back and forth • Found in elbow and knee

  20. Joints • Ball and socket • Movement in all directions • Found in shoulder and hip

  21. Joints • Gliding • Limited movement in all directions • Found in wrist and ankle

  22. Joints • Pivot • Limited rotation • Found in the neck

  23. Skeletal Structures • Exoskeleton • Protective covering outside the body • Provides a surface for muscular attachment • Made of chitin • Can be thin and light (insects) or thick and heavy (lobster) • Molting is losing exoskeleton to allow for body growth

  24. Exoskeleton

  25. Protist • Amoeba • Paramecium • Euglena • Whip-like tail called a

  26. Hydra • They are SESSILE, but fibers allow a somersault-type movement (like a slinky)

  27. Earthworm • Earthworms have setae (little bristles) that stick into the ground like anchors to allow locomotion, segment by segment • Muscles are attached to each pair of setae

  28. Setae

  29. Grasshopper • Have jointed appendages • Have wings • Have muscles inside the exoskeleton

  30. What makes your muscles move? • What organs allow you to respond to your environment?

  31. Regulation • Define regulation. • What part of your body carries out regulation?

  32. The Nervous System • Consists of • CNS • Central Nervous System • Brain and Spinal cord • PNS • Peripheral Nervous System • All nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

  33. C.N.S.

  34. P.N.S.

  35. The Nervous System • Parts of a nervous system • Brain • Nerve Cells called Neurons

  36. Brain

  37. Brain

  38. Brain • Made up of 2 halves • Weighs about 3 pounds • Protected by _________________ • Made up of neurons

  39. Brain • Made up of 3 parts • 1. Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex • Controls thinking, memory, reasoning, imagination, personality, site of consciousness • Interprets what your 5 senses detect

  40. Brain • 2. Cerebellum • Controls voluntary movements (motor activities) • Controls balance and coordination

  41. Brain • 3. Medulla • Controls involuntary activities • Such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat, hormone production, etc… • Called brain stem and connects to the spinal cord

  42. Neuron • A neuron is a nerve cell • They send and receive chemical and electrical messages, called impulses.

  43. Neuron

  44. Parts of a neuron • Dendrites • Receive impulses • Cyton • Cell body-contains nucleus • Axon • Carries impulses away from cyton • Myelin • Fatty covering on the axon that increases speed of electrical impulse • Terminal Branches • End point of a neuron that sends messages to dendrites of next neuron

  45. Synapse • The synapse is the gap between two neurons.

  46. Close-up of synapse • Neurotransmitters-chemicals secreted into synapse

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