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Chronology of the Japanese American Internment

Chronology of the Japanese American Internment. December 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese. December 8, 1941. The  Presidential Address to Congress FDR regarded December 1, 1942 as “a day that will live in infamy.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74fsE

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Chronology of the Japanese American Internment

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  1. Chronology of the Japanese American Internment

  2. December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese.

  3. December 8, 1941 • The Presidential Address to Congress • FDR regarded December 1, 1942 as “a day that will live in infamy.” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74fsE • Link may not work. If not, just google it.

  4. December 1941 • Presidential Proclamation No. 2525 gives blanket authority to Attorney General for a sweep of suspects • Dec. 8: Treasury Department seizes all Japanese banks and businesses • Dec. 9: Many Japanese language schools closed • Dec. 11: FBI warns against possession of cameras or guns by suspected “enemy” aliens • Dec. 27: Attorney General orders all suspected “enemy” aliens in West to surrender short wave radios and cameras • Dec. 30: California revokes liquor license held by non-citizen Japanese

  5. January 1942 • 1: Attorney General freezes travel by all suspected “enemy” aliens, orders surrender of weapons • 14: President Roosevelt orders re-registration of suspected “enemy” aliens in West • 27: Los Angeles City and County discharges all Japanese on civil service lists • 29: US Attorney General Francis Biddle issued the first of a series of orders establishing limited strategic areas along the Pacific Coast and requiring the removal of all suspected “enemy” aliens from these areas • 31: Attorney General establishes 59 additional prohibited zones in CA to be cleared by Feb. 15

  6. February 1942

  7. March 1942 • 2: General DeWitt issues Proclamation No. 1, designating the Western half of the Pacific Coast states and the southern third of Arizona as military areas and stipulating that all persons of Japanese descent would eventually be removed • 7: Army acquire Owens Valley Site for Manzanar temporary detention center • 11: General DeWitt establishes the Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA), with Colonel Karl R. Bendetsen as Director to carry out the internment plan. • 16: Wartime Civil Control Administration establishes military area in Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Nevada, designate 934 prohibited zone to be cleared.

  8. March 1942 (continued) • 18: President Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9102 creating the War Relocation Authority to assist person evacuated by the military under Executive Order No. 9066. Milton S. Eisenhower was named director. • 20: WCCA acquires Santa Anita as a temporary detention center. • 21: President Roosevelt signed Public Law 503 (77th Congress) making it a federal offense to violate any order issued by a designated military commander under authority of Executive Order No. 9066.

  9. March 1942 (continued) • 22: First large contingent of Japanese and Japanese Americans moved from Los Angeles to the Manzanar temporary detention center operated by the Army in the Owens Valley of California. • 23: General DeWitt issues Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1 ordering the evacuation of all people of Japanese descent from Bainbridge Island in Puget Sound and their removal by March 30, to the Puyallup Army temporary detention center near Seattle. • 24: Curfew for all aliens and Japanese proclaimed for military area one and other strategic areas in west effective March 27. WCCA acquires sites for temporary detention centers in California at Merced, Tulare, Marysville, and Fresno. • 27: General DeWitt issued Proclamation No. 4 (effective March 29) forbidding further voluntary migration of Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast military areas.

  10. April 1942

  11. May 1942

  12. June 1942 • 1: Manzanar Army temporary detention center was transferred from WCCA to WRA and concerted to Manzanar Internment Camp. • 1-4: Internees arrive directly from rural Oregon and Washington to the Tule Lake prison. • 2: General DeWitt issued Public Proclamation No. 6 forbidding further voluntary migration of people of Japanese descent from the eastern half of CA and simultaneously announce that all such people would eventually be removed from this area directly to Internment camps. • 17: President Roosevelt appointed Dillon S. Myer to succeed Milton S. Eisenhower as Director of WRA

  13. July 13, 1942 Mitsuye Endo petitions for a writ of habeas corpus stating that she was loyal and law abiding United States citizen, that no charge had been made against her, that she was being unlawfully detained, and she was confined in an internment camp under armed guard held there against her will. habeas corpus: which requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court; ensures that a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention

  14. August 1942 • 7: Western Defense Commander announced the completion of removal of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans from their homes • 10: Minidoka Internment camp near Twin Falls, Idaho receives the first contingent of internees from the Puyallup Army temporary detention center. • 12: Heart Mountain Internment Camp near Cody, Wyoming received its first group of internees from the Pomona Army temporary detention center. • 15: Farm labor strike at Tule Lake Internment Camp • 27: The Granada Internment camp near La Mar, Colorado was opened with the arrival of a group from Merced temporary camp.

  15. September 1942

  16. October 6, 1942 The Jerome Internment Camp near Dermont, Arkansas---the last of the 10 centers received a group of internees from Fresno, CA.

  17. November 3, 1942 The transfer of internees from temporary detention centers was completed with the arrival of the last group at the Jerome Camp from Fresno, CA.

  18. 1943 • Jan. 4 WRA field offices established in Chicago, Salt Lake City, Cleveland, Minneapolis, Des Moines, New York City, Denver, Kansas City, and Boston • Jan. 23 Secretary of war Henry Stimson announced plans to form an all-Japanese American Combat team to be made up of volunteers from both the mainland and Hawaii. • Feb. 8 Registration (loyalty questionnaire) of all persons over 17 years of age for Army recruitment, segregation and relocation begins at most of the internment camps. • May 6 Ms. Eleanor Roosevelt spent a day at the Gila River Internment camp

  19. Hirabayashi v. United StatesYasui v. United States The Supreme Court rules that a curfew may be imposed against one group of American citizens based solely on ancestry and that Congress in enacting Public Law 77-503 authorized the implementation of Executive Order 9066 and provided criminal penalties for violation of orders of the Military Commander

  20. 1944 • Feb. 16 President Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9423 transferring WRA to the Department of the Interior • May The all-Japanese American 442 Regimental Combat Team (RCT) sent to the Italian front.

  21. June 6, 1944 D-Day Invasion of Normandy, France

  22. 1944 (continued) June 30 Jerome Internment camp closed; the remaining personnel transferred to Amache, Granada, Colorado and Rohwer, Arkansas Dec. 17 The war department announced the revocation (effective Jan. 2, 1945) of the West Coast mass exclusion orders which had been in effect against people of Japanese descent since the spring of 1942 Dec. 18 The WRA announced that all internment camps would be closed before the end of 1945 and the entire WRA program would be liquidated on June 30, 1946

  23. December 18, 1944 Korematsu Vs. United States • The Supreme Court rules that one group of citizens may be singled out and expelled from their homes and imprisoned for several years without trail, based solely on their ancestry • In ex parte Endo, the US Supreme Court rules that WRA has no authority to detain a “concededly loyal” American citizen

  24. 1945 • April 29: 442 All Japanese American Regiment frees prisoners at the Dachau Concentration Camp • August 15: Victory over Japan (V-J Day) • September: Western Defense Command issues Public Proclamation No. 24 revoking all individual exclusion orders and all further military restrictions against persons of Japanese descent • Oct. 15-Dec. 15: all WRA Internment camps are closed except for Tule Lake Center

  25. 1946 • March 20: Tule lake Segregation Center closed • June 30: War Relocation Authority program officially terminates • Oct. 30: Crystal City Detention center, Texas operated by the Justice Department releases last Japanese Americans. The closing of the Japanese American Internment Program

  26. July 2, 1948

  27. February 19, 1976 President Gerald Ford Formally rescinds Executive Order No. 9066

  28. June 23, 1983 Report of the Commission of Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), entitled Personal Justice denied, concludes that exclusion, expulsion and incarceration were not justified by military necessity, and the decisions to do so were based on race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.

  29. October 4, 1983 In response to a petition for a writ of error coramnobis by Fred Korematsu, the Federal District Court of san Francisco reverses his 1942 conviction and rules that the internment was not justified *writ of error coramnobis: is a legal writ issued by a court to correct a previous error

  30. November 2, 1989 President George Bush signed Public Law 101-102 which guarantees fund for reparation payments to the World War II internment survivors beginning in October of 1990. For the Japanese American community, it marks a victorious end to a long struggle for justice. For the nation, the President’s signature reaffirms the country’s commitment to equal justice under the law.

  31. Bibliography http://www.clpef.net/chrono.html

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