1. Developing Nations World History II Chris Anderson

2. 16th and 17th Centuries: feudalism was being erased by powerful monarchies • Powerful kingdoms were created by these monarchs • Most monarchs ruled by absolutism • The people believed in divine right of kings

3. I. Spain • Controlled by a very powerful family—the Hapsburgs • the Hapsburgs held power in most of Western Europe • The Spanish Hapsburgs were cousins to the Hapsburgs that controlled the Holy Roman Empire • The family controlled: • Spain • Netherlands • Milan (in Italy) • Burgundy • Parts of Portugal • New World

4. Philip II (1556-1598): • Philip: most powerful Spanish monarch • VERY Catholic • Saw himself as the defender of the Catholic faith • Tried to end Protestantism faiths while he was king • Supported the Inquisition to rid Europe of all non-Catholics • Attempted to increase Hapsburg power in Europe by getting into many wars • These wars were NOT good for Spain • Very hard working king • Did NOT trust people/suspicious of everyone • NOT a good decision maker

5. Philip II

7. Philip had a large empire to control • Although Spain was unified, the different territories of Spain still had some independence • Philip favored one Spanish territory—Castile • All of his advisors came from Castile • Philip placed his capital (Madrid) in the territory of Castile • This favoritism made the territory of Aragon angry • 1590s: Aragon revolted—unsuccessfully—against Philip

8. Philip tried to force the Netherlands to become Catholic • The people of the Netherlands (Protestants) resisted • A bloody war erupted between the Netherlands and Spain • 1581: Netherlands claimed their independence from Spain • England gave the Netherlands some assistance • The Netherlands will gain their independence • England’s aid to the Netherlands angered Philip

9. Philip was angry because he was heart broken • He had wanted to make Queen Elizabeth his wife • He had defended her on many occasions—even defying the Pope to protect her • ******TELL STORY****** • Philip vowed to remove Elizabeth from the English throne • 1586: Philip begins a plan to invade England • Philip took 2 years to amass the money, forces, and resources he needed • Elizabeth’s spies kept her aware of Philip’s plans

10. May 30, 1588: Philip sent 130 ships and 33,000 men to invade England (Spanish Armada) • Elizabeth and England were waiting for the Spanish • England had better and faster ships with cannon that shoot further than the Spanish cannon • *****TELL STORY****** • The English were able to defeat the Spanish Armada with the “help of God”

13. After their loss to England, Spain began to fall in power • Spain had lost lots of money in wars • Little $ left to run the kingdom • Spain had to borrow money from foreign banks • Spain’s economy was in decline • Agriculture and industry were in decline • Philip had to declare bankruptcy 3 times

14. Philip II died leaving his nation’s problems to his successors • Philip III (Philip’s II son) was weak • Philip IV (Philip’s III son) was also weak • 1640s: Spain experienced a food shortage • 1647: the plague came back to Spain • The Spanish people were scared • Many began to rebel

15. Charles II—Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs: • 1665: Philip IV died • His son, Charles II, took the Spanish throne • Charles was only 4-years old • Charles’ mom ruled in his place • Charles was physically and mentally weak—not a good king • Charles had no heir to his throne • Upon his death, the different monarchs of Europe argued over who would be the next monarch of Spain

16. Charles II

17. II. England • Tudor Dynasty developed a strong monarchy in England • Tudors controlled England from 1485-1603 • Tudor monarchs improved their power and allowed for order • Tudor monarchs also allowed Parliament to gain more power in England

18. Henry VII: • 1st Tudor Monarch • Made England prosperous • Expanded foreign trade • Improved tax collection • Avoided major wars Henry VII

19. Henry VIII: • 2nd Tudor monarch • The most powerful Tudor monarch • Entangled England into many wars • Turned England into a naval power • Most famous for his numerous marriages—6 in all • He did work with Parliament to break England away from the Catholic Church • Died in 1547, leaving his 9-year old son Edward as king • Edward died in 1553 at the age of 16

20. Henry VIII

21. Mary (“Bloody Mary”): • Attempted to return England to the Catholic faith • 1554: she married Philip II of Spain • 1555: re-instated Catholicism in England • She burned over 300 Protestants • She died before having any kids • Upon her death, the throne passed to her ½ sister

22. Queen Mary

23. Elizabeth (the Fairy Queen): • 1558: assumes the throne at age 25 • Shrewd, educated, and stubborn • Would visit her people and stay in their homes • England entered the English Renaissance under her reign • Many wanted her to take a husband and allow him to rule the kingdom • She never eagerly search out for a husband • Used a council of 19 nobles to help her rule • Parliament controlled $ under her reign

24. Elizabeth I

25. Created laws and policies to regulated the lives of her people • Statute of Apprentices of 1563: said work was a social and moral duty • Poor laws of 1597 & 1601: made local areas responsible for their homeless and unemployed

26. England was in severe debt under Elizabeth • She carefully spent the nation’s money—garnering the nickname “pinchpenny” • To raise $ for England, she: • Sold royal land • Sold royal offices • Sold licenses • Allowed for monopolies • Collected custom taxes • Most of her attempts to get $ were not enough • She was forced to turn to Parliament to get $ through taxation

27. Elizabeth’s foreign policy: • The greatest threats to England were France and Spain • Elizabeth knew she could defeat each individually, but not a combined/unified France and Spain • She came up with a plan to keep her kingdom safe • Her balance of power was simple: • If Spain became too powerful, she (England) would side with France • If France became too powerful, she (England) would side with Spain • England acted like the balancer

28. Elizabeth’s Balance of Power France Spain England

29. Elizabeth also had to worry about problems closer to home—Scotland and Ireland • Elizabeth did not want Ireland or Scotland to ally with France or Spain • 1550s: Scotland was Catholic and hostile to England • 1560s: Elizabeth helped Scotland become Protestant and an English ally • Part of Ireland was controlled by England and resisted English rule • 1560s: She allied with Ireland

30. 1603: Elizabeth dies childless • The Tudor dynasty died with her • King James VI of Scotland becomes King James I of England • James created a new English Dynasty--Stuart Dynasty

31. Sir Francis Walsingham Lord Robert Dudley

32. King James I

33. III. France • Henry IV (Henry Navarre) (1589-1610): • Started the Bourbon Dynasty in France • Started life as a Huguenot (French Protestant) • Converted to Catholicism before becoming king • Issued the Edict of Nantes to end the religious feuds in France in 1598 • Allowed Protestant to worship their ideas in areas that were mainly Protestant • In Catholic areas, Protestants could not worship • Protestants started creating their own cities • Allowed Protestants to create fortified towns/cities

34. Henry IV

35. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu: • 1610: Henry IV died leaving the throne to his son Louis XIII • Louis was only 9-years old • Louis’ mom (Marie de Medici) served as regent for 7 years • 1617: @ the age of 16, Louis overthrew his mom and took the French throne • Marie convinced her son to take Cardinal Richelieu as his main advisor

36. Louis XIII

37. Cardinal Richelieu

38. Louis will turn over ALL government control to Cardinal Richelieu • Richelieu attempted to create an absolute monarchy in France • He needed to take power away from the nobles • He needed to take power away from the Protestants • He destroyed nobles’ castles until they relinquished their power • He kept the Edict of Nantes allowing religious freedom, but took away the Protestants rights to fortified towns • Protestants had to tear down their city/town walls

39. Richelieu then set out to make France into a powerful nation • He made the army powerful • He strengthened the economy of France • He created the French Academy to teach people French Culture

40. Louis XIV (1643-1715): • 1643: Louis XIII died leaving his son, Louis XIV • Louis XIV was only 5-years old • Louis had 2 regents • His mom—Anne of Austria • Cardinal Mazarin (he took over when Richelieu died) • 1661: Louis XIV took over the throne for real at the age of 23

41. Anne Austria with Louis XIV

42. Louis XIV

43. Louis ruled over France for 72 years • Nicknamed the “Sun King” • He believed that everything in France revolved around him • He was very powerful • Lived a lavish, kingly life • He did not live in Paris, but built a new palace at Versailles • The palace was a symbol of his power, wealth, and glory

44. Versailles