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Exploring Arthropods: Features and Adaptations

Discover the fascinating world of arthropods, including insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Learn about their specialized characteristics, adaptations, movement, circulatory and respiratory systems, digestive processes, reproduction, excretion, and nervous system. Dive into the intricate details of these creatures in this comprehensive guide.

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Exploring Arthropods: Features and Adaptations

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  1. Arthropod Insects, spiders, crustaceans

  2. Characteristics • Bilateral • Hardened, jointed exoskeleton • Complete gut • Reduced coelom • Specialized appendages • Segmented • cephalization

  3. Six adaptations • Hardened exoskeleton • Jointed appendages • Specialized and fused-together segments • Respiratory structures • Specialized sensory structures and organs • Specialized stages of development

  4. Movement • Exoskeleton – hard outer covering made of chitin or calcium carbonate • Many muscles are attached to inside to flex limbs, some (spiders) still use hydraulic pressure • Molting

  5. Circulatory • Open system • Common pigment is hemocyanin, few use hemoglobin

  6. Respiratory - Gills • Many aquatic arthropods (crabs and lobsters) have gills, which are typically modifications of appendages or outgrowths of the body wall - folds of tissue with a large surface area

  7. Respiratory -Tracheae • Gas exchange organs among terrestrial arthropods is usually internal; • Insects have tracheae,branching networks of hollow air conducting tubes such that air is sent to every cell in every tissue

  8. Respiratory - Book Lungs • Spiders have book lungs,chambers with leaf-like plates for exchanging gases; air flows over the plates and blood flows through them

  9. Digestive System • Divided into 3 main regions: foregut, midgut, and hindgut • Outpockets (e.g. digestive glands) increase the surface area for digestion and absorption

  10. Excretion • Many crustaceans possess an excretory organ called the green gland (antennal gland),which filters fluid from the blood • Most insects and spiders have a excretory system called malpighian tubules

  11. Reproduction • Sexes are separate • fertilization is external in aquatic forms • internal among the terrestrial forms

  12. Nervous system • Arthropods have a well-developed nervous system that is of the same overall design as the annelids; anterior brain and a double, ventral hollow nerve cord. • The sensory receptors of arthropods are usually associated with modifications of the chitinous exoskeleton • The head usually bears various kinds of sense organs (e.g. antennae) with extreme sensitivity

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