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Title IX

Title IX. Overview Alar Lipping, Ph.D. Title IX is a US law stating that. 1972 legislation

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Title IX

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  1. Title IX Overview Alar Lipping, Ph.D.

  2. Title IX is a US law stating that 1972 legislation No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

  3. Legal Definitions: Title IX in the US Title IX requires compliance with one of these three tests: • The proportionality test • A 5 percentage point deviation has been okay • The history of progress test • Judged by actions & progress over past 3 years • The accommodation of interest test • Programs & teams meet the interests and abilities of the under represented sex

  4. Title IX in the US has • Supported dramatic changes in the sport participation opportunities available to girls & women since 1972 • Evoked continuous resistance since it became law • Demonstrated that laws and law enforcement do not exist in a social and cultural vacuum • Demonstrated that when laws challenge the ideas and lifestyles of people with power, the legitimacy and enforcement of those laws will be questioned

  5. Access to facilities Quality of facilities Availability of scholarships Program operating expenses Recruiting budgets Scheduling of games & practice times Travel and per diem expenses Academic tutoring Number of coaches Salaries for all staff and administrators Medical training services and facilities Publicity for players, teams, and events Title IX Categories of Support for Athletes:

  6. Effect of Title IX in Education • In 1994, women received 38% of medical degrees, compared with 9% in 1972 • In 1994, women earned 43% of law degress, compared with 7% in 1972 • In 1994, 44% of all doctoral degrees to U.S. citizens went to women, up from 25% in 1977

  7. High School Participation • In 1971 3,666,917 male participants • In 1971 294,015 female participants • In 2001 3,921,069 male participants • In 2001 2,784,154 female participants

  8. College Participation • In 1966, 16,000 female participants • In 1991, 158,000 female participants • Number of intercollegiate sports offered to female athletes increased from 5.61 in 1978 to 7.31 in 1988 • 8.32 teams per school is the average offering for female athletes in 2004

  9. Decline of Coaching and Administrative Positions

  10. Coaching and Administration: Reasons for Underrepresentation • Women have fewer established connections and networks in elite programs • Subjective evaluative criteria used by search committees • Support systems & professional development opportunities for women have been scarce (continued)

  11. Coaching and Administration: Reasons for Underrepresentation • Many women do not see spaces for them in corporate cultures of sport programs • Sport organizations are seldom sensitive to family responsibilities among coaches and administrators • Women may anticipate sexual harassment and more demanding standards than those used to judge men

  12. Proportionality • Female share of undergraduates is 55.8% • Female share of athletes is 41.7%

  13. Soccer • Soccer exhibits the greatest growth of any sport in the last 27 years. It is now offered for women on 88.6% of the campuses while in 1977 it was only found on 2.8% of the campuses.

  14. Debate • Debates over Title IX have focused more on maintaining the numerous athletic opportunities that men have historically enjoyed rather than ensuring that women gain access to the opportunities they have been historically denied.

  15. Elimination of men’s sports • There is no provision in Title IX that calls for elimination of men’s sports • Decline in men’s wrestling and tennis • Increase in men’s sports such as football, baseball, lacrosse, and soccer

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