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Motivation & Emotion

Chapter 10:. Motivation & Emotion. Motivational Theories and Concepts. Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal directed behavior Drive theories – engaging in activities that reduce tension, seeking homeostasis (internal/push)

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Motivation & Emotion

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  1. Chapter 10: Motivation & Emotion

  2. Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal directed behavior Drive theories – engaging in activities that reduce tension,seeking homeostasis (internal/push) Incentive theories – engage in activities based on external stimuli (pull) -Expectancy Value Model before engaging in behavior (1) expectancy about the chance you will succeed (2) is it worth it (value) Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success Biological Motives- bodily needs (limited) Social Motives-originate in social experience (unlimited) Motivation & Emotion

  3. Figure 10.2 The diversity of human motives Motivation & Emotion

  4. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological • Brain regulation • Lateral hypothalamus (LH) when lesioned no interest in eating • Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) when lesioned could not stop eating • Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neural circuits pass through hypothalamus (most modern view) • Glucose and digestive regulation • Glucose comes from food & circulates in the blood (energy) • Glucostatic theory Low levels=hunger High levels=full • Hormonal regulation • Insulin extracts glucose from blood (low= diabetes high=hunger) • Leptin produced by fat cells (high=full) Motivation & Emotion

  5. Figure 10.3 The hypothalamus • Motivation & Emotion

  6. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors • Learned preferences and habits • Exposure • When, as well as what • Food-related cues • Appearance, odor, effort required • Stress • Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating Motivation & Emotion

  7. Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity • Obesity body fat exceeding 20% (US 31%men 35% woman) • BMI weight /height squared (over 30 is obese) • Evolutionary explanations • Genetic predisposition there is a genetic vulnerability to obesity • Body Mass Index and adoption study • Excessive eating & inadequate exercise • The concept of set point/settling point • Dietary restraint Motivation & Emotion

  8. Figure 10.5 The heritability of weight Motivation & Emotion

  9. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire • Hormonal regulation-Gonads • Estrogens (Females/Ovaries) • Androgens AKA Testosterone (Males/Testes) *Testosterone are related to sexual motivation in both sexes *Drugs lower testosterone and reduce sexual desire • Erotic materials- Exposure to material elevates the likelihood of sexual behavior for a few hours. (study) *It can alter attitudes that can influence behavior. It can make people feel dissatisfied with own sexual interactions. Aggressive porn perpetuates the myth that women enjoy being raped or ravaged. *¼ of young women in US are victims or rape or attempted rape. Most common is date rape 1 in 7 college women reported being a victim. 1 in 12 admitted to have forced sex or tried (but they don’t identify themselves as being a rapist) Motivation & Emotion

  10. Figure 10.6 Rape victim-offender relationships Motivation & Emotion

  11. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire • Attraction to a Partner • The Coolidge effect- New partners can revive sexual interest (males) • Evolutionary factors • Parental Investment Theory Mating depends on what each sex has to invest (time, energy, survival) to produce offspring. *The sex that has the least investment will compete, the sex that has the biggest investment will be more discrimination. *Males will show more interest and have more desire for variety of partners. Females are more conservative and more selective. Females have demanded long term comments before consenting to sex. *Evolutionary Theories predicts that Men places more emphasis on youth & attractiveness. Women place more on material resources and protect. (not conscious)

  12. Figure 10.7 Parental investment theory and mating preferences Motivation & Emotion

  13. Figure 10.8 The gender gap in how much people think about sex Motivation & Emotion

  14. Figure 10.10 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects Motivation & Emotion

  15. Figure 10.11 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness Motivation & Emotion

  16. The Mystery of Sexual Orientation • Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual (10%) • A continuum • Theories explaining homosexuality • Environmental. *Freudians believes that males become gay because of poor heterosexual role model (lack of). *Behaviorist. Learn through stimuli and paired with sexual arousal. *Extremely feminine behavior in males (75%-90%) or masculine behavior in females dose predict homosexuality. • Biological. *Studies: 52% of identical twin & 22% of fraternal twins. There is a predisposition. *One study: Anterior Hypothalamus is half the size in gay men. *Prenatal Development: Hormonal secretion during critical periods can influence sexual orientation. (DES, reduces miscarriages) (adrenal disorders) • Interactionist.

  17. Figure 10.12 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum Motivation & Emotion

  18. Figure 10.13 How common is homosexuality? Motivation & Emotion

  19. Figure 10.14 Genetics and sexual orientation Motivation & Emotion

  20. The Human Sexual Response • Masters and Johnson – 1966 • Stages: • Excitement. Escalates rapidly in both sexes (muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure) *Vasocongestion. Engorgement of blood vessels (males produce penile erection swollen test, females produce swelling of clitoris expansion of vaginal lips and lubrication) • Plateau. Arousal continues but more slowly (males secrete a little fluid and erections fluctuates, females vaginal tightens clitoris withdrawals and lubrication changes) • Orgasm. The peak of sexual arousal & discharged in muscle contractions in pelvic. (males seminal fluid, women multiorgasmic) • Resolution. Males Refractory period unresponsive time increases with age. Motivation & Emotion

  21. Figure 10.15 The human sexual response cycle Motivation & Emotion

  22. Figure 10.16 The gender gap in orgasm consistency Motivation & Emotion

  23. Affiliation Motives • Affiliation Motive-The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds. (Companionship, friendship and love) • Evolution. Survival and reproductive benefits. • Quality of personal relationships equal happiness • Rejection triggers negative emotions (anxiety, jealousy, depression) • TAT Thematic Apperception Test- ambiguous stimuli subjects have to explain the scenes and what they feel. (Strong Affiliation scores worry more) Motivation & Emotion

  24. Achievement Motivation • Achievement motive = need to excel • Work harder and more persistently • Delay gratification • Pursue competitive careers • Situational influences on achievement motives • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • High Level of Achievement- Select tasks of intermediate difficulty. Fear of Failure • Situational Determinants-Atkinson theorized the tendency to pursue a situation depends on: 1)strength of motivation to achieve 2)the probability of success 3)the rewards Motivation & Emotion

  25. The Elements of Emotional Experience • Cognitive component of feeling • Subjective conscious experience, mixed emotions • Positive psychology. We focus on negative b/c it has more powerful effects. • Physiological component linked to emotion • Bodily (autonomic) arousal • Galvanic Skin Response (sweat) • Polygraph (detects anxiety) not reliable • Amygdala • Behavioral component • Characteristic overt expressions (body language) • Facial expression are biological (blind people) Motivation & Emotion

  26. Figure 10.20 The amygdala and fear Motivation & Emotion

  27. Figure 10.22 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions Motivation & Emotion

  28. Theories of Emotion • James-Lange • Feel afraid because pulse is racing. Different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions. • Cannon-Bard • Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system • Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory • Look to external cues to decide what to feel • Evolutionary Theories • Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation Motivation & Emotion

  29. Figure 10.23 Theories of emotion Motivation & Emotion

  30. Figure 10.24 Primary emotions Motivation & Emotion

  31. Happiness • Common sense notions incorrect • Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated • Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated • Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated • Subjective rather than objective reality important Motivation & Emotion

  32. Figure 10.27 The subjective well-being of nations Motivation & Emotion

  33. Figure 10.29 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness Motivation & Emotion

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