A rebel among rebels. Contrast with Yeats and the other literary contemporaries who tried to rediscover the Irish Celtic

1. James Joyce (1882-1941) The Joyces in Paris A rebel among rebels. Contrast with Yeats and the other literary contemporaries who tried to rediscover the Irish Celtic identity.

2. He had two children, Giorgio and Lucia, with his long-time partner, Nora Barnacle, whom he eventually married. • He left Dublin at the age of twenty-two and he settled for some time in Paris, then in Rome, Trieste, where he made friends with Italo Svevo, and Zurich. The Joyces in Paris

3. . The most important features of Joyce’s works The settingof most of his works Ireland, especially Dublin. He rebelledagainst the Catholic Church. All the factsexplored from different points of view simultaneously.

4. . The most important features of Joyce’s works • Greater importance given to the inner world of the characters. • Time perceived as subjective. • His task  to render life objectively. Isolation and detachment of the artist from society

5. Dubliners . The evolution of Joyce’s style Realism Disciplined prose Different points of view Free-direct speech

6. . Dubliners • Dubliners are described as afflicted people. • All the stories are set in Dublin “The city seemed to me the centre of paralysis”, Joyce stated. Nassau Street, Dublin, early 20th century • Published in 1914 on the newspaper The Irish Homestead by Joyce with the pseudonym Stephen Dedalus.

7. . Dubliners: structure and style After the Race The Boarding House Eveline Two Gallants The Sisters An Encounter Araby A Little Cloud Clay Counterparts A Painful Case Ivy Day in the Committee Room A Mother Grace Childhood Adolescence Mature life Public life DUBLIN Paralysis / Escape • Thestories present human situations • They are arranged into 4 groups:

8. 7. Dubliners: narrative technique and themes Naturalistic, concise, detailed descriptions. Naturalism combined with symbolism  double meaning of details. Each story opens in medias res and is mostly told from the perspective of a character. Use of free-direct speechand free-direct thought  direct presentation of the character’s thoughts.

9. . Dubliners: narrative technique and themes • Different linguistic registers  the language suits the age, the social class and the role of the characters. • Use of epiphany  “the sudden spiritual manifestation” of aninterior reality. • Themes paralysis and escape. • Absence of a didactic and moral aim because of the impersonality of the artist.

10. . Dubliners: epiphany It is the special moment in which a trivial gesture, an external object or a banal situation or an episode lead the character to a sudden self-realisation about himself / herself or about the reality surrounding him / her. Understanding the epiphany in each story is the key to the story itself Joyce’s aim  to take the reader beyond the usual aspects of life through epiphany.

11. . Dubliners: paralysis • The climaxof the stories the coming to awareness by the characters of their own paralysis. • Alternative to paralysis = escape which always leads to failure.

12. Dubliners: Eveline Structure and style • The story opens in medias res  “She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue” • Third-person narrator but Eveline’s point of view. • Subjectiveperception of time.

13. The protagonists: Gabriel Conroy, an embodiment of Joyce himself, and Gretta, his wife. Epiphany the song The Lass of Aughrim, reminds Gretta of a young man, Michael Furey, who died for her when he was seventeen years old. Gabriel understands he is deader than Michael Furey in Gretta’s mind. Symbols the snow, Gabriel’s journey to the west. Dubliners: The Dead Angelica Huston in John Huston’s The Dead (1987)

14. . The evolution of Joyce’s style Interior monologue with two levels of narration Extreme interior monologue Ulysses

15. Ulysses and the Victorian novel

16. Published in 1922. Setting in timea single day, Thursday 16th June, 1904. The setting in place Dublin. A detailed account of ordinary life on an ordinary day. The theme is moral human life means suffering but also struggling to seek the good. . Ulysses Ulysses, London, Egoist Press, 1922 (first English edition, printed in France).

17. Leopold Bloom Joyce's common man; he stands for the whole of mankind. Molly Bloom  Leopold’s wife; she stands for flesh, sensuality, fecundity. Stephen Dedalus pure intellect; he embodies every young man seeking maturity. . Ulysses: characters Poster for Sean Walsh’s Bloom (2003)

18. Odysseya structural framework for Ulysses. Characters and events arranged around Homeric model  Leopold = Odysseus Molly = Penelope Stephen = Telemachus Ulyssesis divided into  Telemachiad (chapters 1-3) Odyssey (chapters 4-15) Nostos (chapters 16-18) . Ulysses: the relation to Odyssey Head of Odysseus from a Greek 2nd century BC marble group representing Odysseus blinding Polyphemus, found at the villa of Tiberius at Sperlonga.

19. . Ulysses: the mythical method • It was linked to the progress made by: • psychology • ethnology • anthropology • It allowed the parallel with the Odysseyand provided the book with a symbolic meaning. • Homer’s myth used to express the universal inthe particular. • It created a new form of realism.

20. . Ulysses: a revolutionary prose Collage technique The language  rich in puns, paradoxes, images, interruptions, symbols, slang expressions; different linguistic registers to give voice to the unspoken activity of the mind. The stream of consciousness technique The cinematic technique Dramatic dialogue Juxtaposition of events Question and answers

21. 11. Ulysses: The Funeral Part III Leopold attends a funeral. • Use of interior monologue 2 levels of narration. 1st level: actions narrated from the outside neutral point of view. 2nd level: Leopold’s thoughts  Bloom’s point of view The action takes place in his mind. There is no difference between past, present and future.

22. . Ulysses: Molly’s monologue • Use of extreme interior monologue. • Molly’s thoughts are free to move backwards(“they called it on…”) and forwardsin time (“shall I wear…”). • Complete absence of punctuation and introductions to people and events, spelling and grammar mistakes  they give voice to her flow of thoughts.

23. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) Her father Leslie Stephen was an eminent Victorian man of letters. She grew up in a literary and intellectual atmosphere with free access to her father’s library Leslie Stephen with Virginia Woolf. Childhood experiences of death and sexualabuseled to depression the death of her mother when she was 13 her stepbrothers

24. . Literary career The Bloomsbury Group In 1904 she moved to Bloomsbury and became a member of the Bloomsbury Group. This meant the rejection of traditional morality and artistic convention. Experimentationbest known as one of the great experimental novelists during the modernist period. The Bloomsbury Group OnlyConnect ... New Directions

25. . A modernist novelist Vanessa Bell, Mrs St John Hutchinson, 1915, Tate Gallery, London • Main aim to give voice to the complex inner world of feeling and memory. • The human personality a continuous shift of impressions and emotions. • Narratordisappearance of the omniscient narrator. • Point of view shifted inside the characters’ minds through flashbacks, associations of ideas, momentary impressions presented as a continuous flux.

26. . Mrs Dalloway (1925) • Takes place on a single ordinary day in June 1923. • Follows the protagonist through a very small area of London, from the morning to the night of the day on which she gives a large formal party. • Clarissa Dalloway’s party is the climax of the novel and unifies the narrative by gathering all the people she thinks about during the day. Cover for the first edition ofMrs. Dalloway, London, Hogarth Press, 1925.

27. A London society lady of fifty-one, the wife of a Conservative MP, Richard Dalloway, who has conventional views on women’s rights. Had a possessive father, refused Peter Walsh, a man who would force her to share everything. . Mrs Dalloway (1925) Clarissa Dalloway Vanessa Redgrave as Mrs. Dalloway in Marleen Gorris’s 1997 film adaptation

28. . Mrs Dalloway (1925) Clarissa Dalloway • Characterized by opposing feelings: her need for freedom and independence and her class consciousness. • Her life appears to be an effort towards order and peace, an attempt to overcome her weakness and sense of failure. Vanessa Redgrave as Mrs. Dalloway in Marleen Gorris’s 1997 film adaptation

29. . Mrs Dalloway (1925) Septimus Warren Smith • A young poet and lover of Shakespeare. • When the war broke out, enlisted for patriotic reasons. • An extremely sensitive man who can suddenly fall prey to panic and fear, or feelings of guilt. Rupert Graves as Septimus in Marleen Gorris’s 1997 film adaptation

30. . Mrs Dalloway (1925) Septimus Warren Smith • A character specifically connected with the war. • Suffers from headaches and insomnia. • Finally commits suicide. Rupert Graves as Septimus in Marleen Gorris’s 1997 film adaptation

31. 1. Woolf vs Joyce Woolf’s streamofconsciousness Joyce’s streamofconsciousness characters show their thoughts directly through interior monologue, sometimes in an incoherent and syntactically unorthodox way never lets her characters’ thoughts flow without control, maintains logical and grammatical organisation

32. 2. Woolf vs Joyce Momentsofbeing Epiphanies Rare moments of insight during the characters’ daily life when they can see reality behind appearances The sudden spiritual manifestationcausedby a trivialgesture, anexternalobject the characteris led to a self-realizationabouthimself/herself