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Trustworthy Databases

Trustworthy Databases. Jim Gray (gray@microsoft.com) Distinguished Engineer Microsoft Corporation. Agenda. Trustworthy Computing and Databases Yukon Security Yukon Availability. Systems. People. Information. Devices. Pre-Internet Walled Information Society. Systems. People.

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Trustworthy Databases

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  1. Trustworthy Databases Jim Gray (gray@microsoft.com) Distinguished Engineer Microsoft Corporation

  2. Agenda • Trustworthy Computing and Databases • Yukon Security • Yukon Availability

  3. Systems People Information Devices Pre-InternetWalled Information Society

  4. Systems People Information Devices Digital Decade:Everything is Connected

  5. The Digital Decade Requires Trustworthy Computing • Y2K, Melissa, Nimda, Code Red…caused • Gate’s Trustworthy Computing memo. • The biggest challenge the industry faces. • Moved Trustworthy Computingfrom top 10 to top 1 priority. “Trustworthy Computing is the highest priority for all the work we are doing. We must lead the industry to a whole new level of Trustworthiness in computing. “

  6. Trustworthy Computing’s Four Pillars • SecurityDefend system against attacks • PrivacyControl personal data storage and use • ReliabilitySystem always works correctly • Business integrityBe clear, open, respectful, and responsive to customers and to public

  7. Trustworthy Database Pillars Security • Data fortresses within software and services • Bugs hit code and data • Simple security model Privacy • Clear and simple information use policies • Enable fine-grain control of data usage Availability • Online operation / evolution • Self-healing automatic-recovery

  8. Trustworthy Database Tenets • Secure by Design • Secure and robust code • Threat analysis and testing • Secure by Default • Default configuration is a secure system • Discourage insecure configurations • Minimize attack surface • install only necessary components • Secure by Deployment • Principle of least privilege • Grant minimal permission required to function • Low privileged service accounts • Security assessment / admin wizards • Automate / Assist software maintenance

  9. Agenda • Trustworthy Computing and Databases • Yukon Security • Yukon Availability

  10. Security Push3 Months Dedicated to Security • Preparation • Goal: Full team (800) productive from start • Identify Components • Complete threat models • Complete Education • Security plan • Reps from all teams • Set up tools • Infrastructure set up • Push • Review 5M+ LOC • Two releases in service • One release in dev • 100% team focus • Dev, Test, PM, & UE • No non-security work • Three pronged: • Targeted code reviews • Audit tools • Threat driven testing • Exit Criteria: • SQL2K: all security bugs fixed • Yukon: all sec bugs registered • Exit • New mentality • All security bugs fixed • Ship SP3 • Much larger test suite • Swat team continues • Black hat team • Post-mortem on all customer found security bugs • Testing: • Run at low privileged • Complete coverage in min privilege • Audit tools • Better test and deployment tools.

  11. Lockdown: Results and lessons learned • SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 3 • More secure code bases • Development process improvements • Security conscious designs and code • Mandatory security focused code reviews • Accountability of code/design • Development tools • Baked in to build process • Implementation lockdown won’t suffice • Need to help users secure systems (more later) • Need better documentation and tools (more later) • Yukon design changes

  12. Secure By Design: Yukon • Row Level Security • Can secure sets of rows • Generalizes view mechanism • Predicate Restricts table subset • Leverages SQL query optimizer • Leverages column/table permissions • Basis for privacy policy • Fine gain access control • Basis for catalog security

  13. Secure By Design: Yukon • Catalog and Metadata security • Minimal public permissions • Prevents information disclosure • System tables are catalog views • row level secured • Object metadata only visible to: • Owner • Principals with permission on object • User / Schema separation • Separation of principal and schema • App still works when owner changes

  14. Secure By Design: Yukon • Granular permissions • More permissions at multiple scopes • Principle of least privilege • e.g., No need to be sysadmin to run profiler • Password policy • Consistent policy across enterprise • Enforcement of • Password Strength • Password Expiration • Account lockout

  15. Secure By Default • SQL Server 2000 SP3 • Require strong SA password on upgrade • Tighter permissions on Stored Procedures • Cross DB Ownership Chaining lockdown • MSX account not auto-generated SQL login • MSDB off network by default • Yukon • Domain password policies enforced by default • Metadata secured by default • SA password required in all Auth modes • Stronger authentication protocol for SQL logins

  16. Secure Deployment: Helping Administrators Secure Systems • Secure Code samples and guidance • In all documentation and books • Doc team was part of security push • Best security practices in all documentation • Security Best Practices checklist • Security Tools • For assessing security • For vulnerability detection • For patching systems

  17. Secure Deployment: Security Tools: MBSA • Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer • Verify current configuration security • Local and remote scans • Windows, • IIS, • Exchange, • SQL server • More in future • Graphical and scriptable

  18. Secure Deployment: The Slammer lesson: short-term response • Response Team working 24 X 7 • Tool improvements continue • SQL Critical Update • Geared towards easier application of patches • SQL Scan • Scans vulnerable instances in domain (or IP range) • Can optionally disable instances • SQL Check • Scans all vulnerable instances on local box • Can optionally disable bad services • Software Update Service (SUS)

  19. Secure Deployment: Moving forward • Increased focus on • deploymentand • vulnerability assessment tools • Tighter integration with MBSA • Microsoft update model • Allow publish / subscription model • Allow publish / distributor / subscribe model • Cover all software (not just OS) • Document knowledge and experience

  20. Trustworthy DatabaseSQL 2000 And Yukon • Secure by Design • Secure and robust code • Threat analysis and testing • Secure by Default • Default configuration is a secure system • Minimize attack surface • Secure by Deployment • Principle of least privilege • Automate / Assist software maintenance • Good tools for security assessment / admin

  21. Agenda • Trustworthy Computing and Databases • Yukon Security • Yukon Availability Features

  22. MTTF MTTR Availability • Available: Correctly services requests within specified time • Availability • Un-availability: • MTTF and MTTR equally important

  23. MTTF MTTR AvailabilityReducing outages • Quality: Design, code-read, test, … • Secure by design, default, deployment • Online operations: Many outages are operations tasks • Online password change • Online (re)-org • Online index build/drop/reorg • Partitions for bulk operation • Simpler operations: Many outages are mistakes • More wizards (pre-scripted) • Better scripting

  24. MTTF MTTR AvailabilityReducing outages • Online Index build • Build index in background (table always up)(also works for rebuild/drop) • No table lock – good for foreign keys too • Snapshot Isolation and Viewpoints • Snapshot Isolation: Read-consistent scans • Readers don’t wait for writers • Ephemeral • Viewpoint: Read-only copy of DB • Persistent

  25. change Old value How ViewPoints Work • Looks like a new Read-Only database • Very cheap to create • ViewPoint uses Copy On Write to make snapshot of the DB • Can be used for reporting • Can recover to ViewPoint – fat finger delete Data Base Viewpoint: Page Directory

  26. Table T Table T F A B C D E F Online bulk Data LoadPartitions • Partition Tables + Indices by hash / range • Transparent to applications • Can add, drop, split, merge partitionsin seconds. • Create new filegroup F • Create empty version of the table F.T (no keys) • Heap load F.T • Index F.T • Now add F.T to online table T (takes a second)

  27. Recovery Redo committed Undo incomplete xactions MTTF MTTR AvailabilityImproving repair • Backup improvements • All datatypes (full text indices, cubes, filestreams, ...) • Optional multiple copies and checking • Filegroup granularity for simple recovery • Restore/recovery improvements • Online: Page, file, filegroup granularity • “Instant” file format (must be admin) • Much shorter outage at software upgrade • FASTER: Just redo

  28. MTTF MTTR Availability: Clusters • Cluster Failover • Shipped with SQL 7 • Much improved in SQL 2000 • Yukon adds 8-pack support • Robust • Widely deployed • First-line-of-defense

  29. Availability: Mirrored Systems • How do you deal with catastrophe • Fire, flood, storm, earthquake, power/net breakdown? • Data center move • Sabotage, Gremlins? • Cluster failover can take minutes • What if I want 5 -9s? (5 minutes/year) • Mirrored SystemsTwo independent systems • Replicas of one another • Continuous SQL log shipping • Mirror tracks primary • Witness breaks ties • Easy to configure and admin Witness Primary Mirror MTTF MTTR

  30. Witness Primary Mirror Witness Witness FailedPrimary RepairedPrimary New Primary New Primary Witness Primary Mirror Database Mirroring • Database failover – Instant standby • Very fast … < 3 seconds • Automatic or manual • Automatic re-sync after failover • Automatic and transparent client redirect • No single point of failure • No special hardware; standard computers and storage • Minimal impact to transaction throughput

  31. SQL Server SQL Server How Database Mirroring Works • Transaction Log Shipping – 2-safe • Backup system in continuous redo • Database “up” when redo completes Primary Mirror Witness Application Log records Redo Recovery Ack! Log Log

  32. Database Mirroring Mark Wistrom Program Manager Microsoft Corporation

  33. Viewpoint2 @ 2PM Viewpoint1 @ Noon Reporting On Mirror • Use Database ViewPoint on Mirror OLTP Clients Witness Primary Mirror Reporting Client

  34. Spectrum Of Technologies Replication • Maximize availability for • Scale out • Offload primary server • Heavy Reporting • Mobile/disconnected users • Autonomous data sharing • Maximize availability • System-of-record databases • Zero data loss – current info • Mask downtime • Planned • Unplanned Replication Disaster Tolerant Rock Solid Site Mirror Cluster

  35. Mirror Spectrum Used In Combination • Can mix and match Cluster, Mirror, Replica Failover Cluster Replication Failover Cluster

  36. MTTF MTTR Availability Summary • Deep analysis of availability, holistic approach • Fewer outages • Online operations • Simpler operations • Snapshots, partitions, … • Faster repair • More complete backup/recovery • Finer grain (so faster) recovery • Mirrored systems

  37. Summary / Call To Action • Trustworthy Computing is more than security • Yukon improvesTrustworthy Database support • Secure by design / default / deployment • Deploy SQL Server 2000 today as the stepping stone to Yukon • Keep current and safe with the tools at www.microsoft.com/sqland www.microsoft.com/security

  38. © 2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN THIS SUMMARY.

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