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Enhancing Bluetooth MAC Scheduling and SAR: Policies and Performance Improvements

This paper explores the Medium Access Control (MAC) in Bluetooth, addressing limitations of conventional scheduling methods like Round Robin. We introduce two novel policies: the Priority Policy (PP) and K-Fairness Policy (KFP), focusing on system throughput, packet delays, and fairness. We also examine Bluetooth Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) improvements by proposing Intelligent SAR (ISAR). Our simulation results indicate that KFP outperforms PP and traditional methods in throughput, with better fairness metrics. This research aims to optimize Bluetooth MAC performance in voice and data environments.

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Enhancing Bluetooth MAC Scheduling and SAR: Policies and Performance Improvements

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  1. Data Scheduling and SARfor Bluetooth MAC Manish Kalia, Deepak Bansal, Rajeev Shorey IBM India Research Laboratory Hasan SÖZER

  2. Outline • Medium Access Control in Bluetooth • Problems & Restrictions faced in Bluetooth MAC • Goals, Assumptions & Approaches • Priority Policy (PP) • K-Fairness Policy (KFP) • Scheduling Data in Presence of Voice • Bluetooth SAR Policy & Possible Improvements • Results & Conclusion Hasan Sözer

  3. Medium Access Control in Bluetooth • TDD slot structure with strict alternation of slots between the Master and the Slaves • Single point of coordination (at Master) • Polling based • A slave transmits packets in the reverse slot only after the Master polls the slave in a forward slot • Thus, Bluetooth is a Master driven, polling based TDD standard Hasan Sözer

  4. Problems & Restrictions • Conventional scheduling policies such as Round Robin (RR) does not perform well • Bluetooth MAC enforces tight coupling of uplink & downlink, which leads to slot wastage • TDD structure also restricts the packet size (1,3 or 5) Hasan Sözer

  5. conflicting objectives Goals, Assumptions & Approaches • Parameters of interest: • system throughput • packet delays • fairness • packet drop probability • simplicity • satisfying the low cost objective of Bluetooth standard. Hasan Sözer

  6. Goals, Assumptions & Approaches (Continues...) • Criterias that an efficient scheduling policy would depend on: • state of the queues at the Master and the Slaves • traffic arrival process at these queues • packet length distributions Hasan Sözer

  7. Goals, Assumptions & Approaches (Continues...) • N queues at the Master for a piconet with N slaves • Each slave has a queue for its connection with the Master • Binary information is used in order to represent the state of the queues: • 1 : has data to send 0: has no data awaiting • State of the queue at the Slave is available at the Master (requires only 1 bit of information to transfer) Hasan Sözer

  8. Priority Policy (PP) • There are four possibilities for the state of the queues regarding a connection: • 1-1: Both Master and Slave have data to send • 1-0 or 0-1: Only one side has data awaiting • 0-0: Neither of them has data to send • PP assigns different priorities to these: • 1-1 > 1-0 = 0-1, 0-0 is not scheduled • It is also argued that it could be 1-0 > 0-1(*) * Master:1 – Slave:0 > Master:0 – Slave:1 Hasan Sözer

  9. K-Fairness Policy (KFP) • Beyond optimization and system throughput: • Having a strict fairness bound • qmax: Master-Slave queue pair that has received maximum excess service (service sacrified to it) • qmin: Master-Slave queue pair that has sacrificed maximum service to other connections • (Services of qmax – Services of qmin) can be at most K • When K = 0, KFP tuns out to be pure Round Robin • In order to prevent more sacrifices: Change 1-0 into 1-1 Hasan Sözer

  10. Scheduling Data in Presence of Voice • Extend PP (to HOL-PP) & KFP (to HOL-KFP) • Consider slot utilization by using Head-of-the-line (HOL) packets (higher utilization -> higher priority) Hasan Sözer

  11. Bluetooth SAR Policy & Possible Improvements • Bluetooth Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR): • naive SAR is random: assigns data packet sizes (1, 3 or 5) probabilistically. • Instead, data arrival rates at the Master and Slave queues can be used -> Intelligent SAR (ISAR) (?): • Initially all queues have packet size of 1 • Packet sizes change according to the differences in arrival rates at the Master and Slave • Binary information represent high/low data rates Hasan Sözer

  12. Results & Conclusion • Simulation results (K=500 & P=4, for 5000 TDD slots): • KFP > PP > RR in throughput • KFP < PP < RR in average delay (units of slots) • KFP gives better throughput than PP with more fairness • ISAR > SAR by means of throughput • Keep It Simple and Stupid! Hasan Sözer

  13. Interconnecting Bluetooth-like Personal Area Networks Godfrey Tan MIT Laboratory of Computer Science Hasan Sözer

  14. Outline • Challenges of Interconnecting Bluetooth-like PANS & proposed solutions for each: • Scatternet topology formation • Packet routing • Channel or link scheduling • Conclusion Hasan Sözer

  15. Scatternet Formation • Decentralized and self-healing algorithm • Unique address for each node that are connected in a tree structure (constructed incrementally) • Loop-free • No packet overhead • No periodic routing messages • New nodes join with search announcements (root or the new node can choose among possible points of attachement) Hasan Sözer

  16. 0N 0* 10N-1 1* 100* 1010N-3 101* 10* 110N-2 11* 1010* 10110N-4 1011* Scatternet Formation (Continues...) • bk = k b’s, where • b = 0 or 1 • Each node holds the portion of the address space allocated to each child Hasan Sözer

  17. Packets Relaying & Channel Scheduling • Relaying of packets are accomplished by means of a technique that is similar to forwarding of IP packets • makes use of longest-prefix match • Channel scheduling problem is declared to be similar to the maximal matching problem for bi-partite graphs • An upper-bound of ceiling(d/2)*MaxDegree(*) is given for an algorithm of which details are not given * MaxDegree = depth of the tree, d = distance in hops Hasan Sözer

  18. Conclusion • It is declared that the algorithms are implemented in ns-2 and give good performance but simulation results are not presented • The key idea is to construct the scatternet as a tree • makes other problems easy to keep track of • If the root is the one that hadle new attachements, it would have large overhead • Enforcement of tree structure may cause deficiencies Hasan Sözer

  19. Scatternet Structure and Inter-Piconet Communication in the Bluetooth System Manish Kalia, Sumit Garg, Rajeev Shorey IBM India Research Laboratory Hasan Sözer

  20. Outline • Piconet models and possible scatternet structures • Single Piconet Model (SPM) • Scatternet Model • Two-Level Hierarchy of Piconets (TLP) • Shared Slave Piconets (SSP) • Performance Comparisons & Conclusion Hasan Sözer

  21. Single Piconet Model (SPM) • Single piconet is used even if there exists more then seven slaves • Model uses the “Park mode” • Timestamps are used in order to determine the period in which a slave remained parked/unparked • Periodically, parked Slave with the oldest timestamp is unparked and active Slave with oldest timestamp is parked • Each Slave remains unparked for the same time period Hasan Sözer

  22. Scatternet Model • Notion of a “Communicating Group” (CG): A group of mobile devices which have frequent data transfer in between • When forming scatternets try to make members of a CG reside in the same piconet • Start with a SPM, structure the scatternet by collecting traffic flow patterns • Master can observe destination addresses (Efficient policies for discovering and updating CGs are not investigated) Hasan Sözer

  23. Two-Level Hierarchy of Piconets (TLP) • Centralized design • Notion of root & leaf piconets • Masters of leaf piconets periodically become slaves of the root piconet (temporary Masters can be assigned) Hasan Sözer

  24. Shared Slave Piconets (SSP) • Decentralized structure • A Slave in between, periodically switchs to the hopping pattern of two different Masters. • Better load balancing & robust • Routing is more complex Hasan Sözer

  25. Performance Comparisons & Conclusion • Simulation results with to piconets: • System throughput: SSP > TLP > SPM • Average System Delays SPM >> TLP > SSP • Scatternet allows simultaneous communication in different piconets • In TLP leaf piconets periodically suspend communication • SPM can be improved by considering backlogged data at the Slave queues Hasan Sözer

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