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ENDEMIC DISEASES. Group 4 (Federal Ministry of Health Group). What is endemic diseases?. An endemic disease is one which is constantly present to a greater or less degree in any place. Any 10 examples of endemic diseases in our communities. Malaria Trachoma Onchoceriasis Ringworm
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ENDEMIC DISEASES Group 4 (Federal Ministry of Health Group)
What is endemic diseases? An endemic disease is one which is constantly present to a greater or less degree in any place.
Any 10 examples of endemic diseases in our communities Malaria Trachoma Onchoceriasis Ringworm Tapeworm Yellow fever Guinea worm Hookworm Cholera Mumps
What is trachoma? Trachoma is a communicable disease that may lead to considerable visual disability, infecting 150 million people and blinding 6 million in developing countries. It is the world’s leading cause of preventable blindness and the second cause of blindness after cataract.
Where can it be found? Trachoma is prevalent in most states in Nigeria, particularly in the North. In rural communities and urban slums where there is overcrowding and poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene.
What Causes of trachoma? It is caused by the parasitic bacterium Chlamydiatrachomatis, which grows only within the cells of the eyelid. Over a period of years, the scars may eventually cause eyelashes to point inwards, scratching the cornea of the eye and in many cases causing blindness.
Who is at Risk? All age groups are at risk particularly women and children. People living in areas where there is overcrowding and poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene.
Sources of trachoma infection Lack of hygiene is one of the major causes of Trachoma, which commonly infects children and adults. The disease spreads by direct contact with the eye, nose and throat secretions from affected individuals or by contact with objects that may have been in contact with these secretions.
How is trachoma transmitted? Trachoma is transmitted person-to-person by ocular and respiratory secretions. It is frequently passed from child-to-child and from child-to-mother within the family. it is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals, or contact with fomites (inanimate objects), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions. Flies can also be a route of mechanical transmission.. Infection usually first occurs in childhood but people do not became blind until they are adults.
What are the symptoms of trachoma? Signs and symptoms of trachoma begin within five to 12 days following infection and may include: Eye irritation, redness and discharge (conjunctivitis) Swelling of the eyelids\ Inflammation inside the upper eyelid and lymphoid follicles (lumps caused by an immune system reaction). Scarring and distortion of the upper eyelid Eye lashes develop later that turn into the upper lid and then rub on the cornea Abnormal growth of corneal blood vessels Opaque cornea (transparent membrane that covers the eye surface).
What are the symptoms of trachoma? Common complicationsWithout medical treatment, recurrent infections and inflammation can cause corneal scarring and eyelid deformities. A common late complication is eyelid inversion – the lashes turn inwards (trichiasis) and continually rub against the cornea. This irritation can cause vision loss and blindness in the long term.
How can it be prevented? Trachoma is linked to poor personal and community hygiene and is often associated with poverty.It can be prevented through: i. Good hygiene & Improvement of personal cleanliness. iii. Improved sanitation iv. Avoid sharing handkerchiefs, towels and eye cosmetics. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Trachoma http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec20/ch229/ch229c.html http://www.medicinenet.com/trachoma/page2.htm#symptoms http://www.medicinenet.com/trachoma/article.htm
How can it be prevented? v. Improved access to clean water vi. Avoid contact with flies in the face vii. Eliminate the vector by spraying of breeding sites with insecticides, and setting fly traps. Early diagnosis and treatment of eye infections can prevent scarring and blindness. http://www.womenseyehealth.org/causes/trachoma.php
How can it be controlled? HOW CAN TRACHOMA PATIENTS BE TREATED? Early treatment with antibiotic medicine can prevent scarring and blindness. Surgery might be necessary once the eyelids have turned in. Once corneal scarring occurs, corneal graft surgery might be necessary. The actual treatment is the onetime use of use of azithromycin (Zithromax) pills (currently the treatment of choice) or the topical use of 1% tetracycline (Achromycin) ointment.
How can it be controlled? According to the Federal Ministry of Health, the four approaches to treatment are known by the acronym S.A.F.E S. Surgery to correct advanced disease A. Antibiotics to treat active infection (seek a doctor’s prescription first). F – Face washing to reduce transmission E- Environmental change to increase access to clean water, improve sanitation, and promote health education to eliminate the disease altogether.
Prevention of trachoma infection Through: i. Good hygiene ii. Improved sanitation iii. Do not use handkerchiefs for eye care iv. Avoid contact with flies in the face
